2008年9月23日星期二

外汇交易的80个忠告

一、
在你最初的开始阶段,请力保每次赢20点,就这么多。然后平仓。再如此重复再三。等你真正地摸到窍门的时候,就可以赢得更多的回报了。因此,设定20点的 目标,坚定不移,一直到你成为外汇这门美妙“生意”的巨匠大师。我必须强调,它不是游戏。尤其投入的是你的“血汗钱”的时候,外汇交易是门生意,

二、
尽可能多花时间分析十五分钟图。

三、
具体到每一段行情的分析、操作,要先看看一小时K线图,对行情一步一步的变化过程形成整体的印象,并大致判断出下一段行情将如何展开。

四、
当K线接近、穿越一些关键点位的时候,如果你想知道十五分钟图上,目前这根K线背后隐藏着什么,就可以看看五分钟图。换句话说,在十五分钟图上还没有动静的走势,在五分钟图上是否正在发生逆转呢?

五、
不要沉迷在五分钟图里,这里面包含太多的“噪音”,会让你举止失措,直至绝境。

六、
MACD在十五分钟K线图上能起作用。即使一小时趋势向上,如果十五分钟图在下跌的,从MACD上就可以得到提示。这并不是说,价格运行的方向已经改变,而是说趋势即将、但尚未形成。与此同时,你不应错过眼前正在发生的故事。而它就反映在十五分钟图中。

七、
在十五分钟图上,如果MACD显示向下,而价格却朝北发展,不久,它就会掉头向南了。也许,转折就发生在一个阻力/支撑位,或者,你可以用另三种工具(形态分析、MACD背离、趋势分析)来判断。MACD显示向上而价格朝南,也是同样如此。

八、
MACD只能相信它的背离信号,而不要理会它的买卖信号。MACD是一种滞后的指标,而不是一种触发信号。它的买卖信号,对外汇来说太慢了。

九、
再次强调,对于短线操作来说,MACD背离,在十五分钟图上,比一小时图要清楚。那些还不明白什么是背离的人,请注意我每天发出的外汇交易背离信号分析 图。简单地说,背离就是MACD的方向与价格走势相反。所以,我总是(在下降走势中)把曲线的峰连成一线,或者(在上升走势中)把曲线的底连成一线,与汇 价相应的连线比较来说明MACD曲线的背驰。

十、
保持用20到30点的止损保护你的资金。手工止损也行,但你仅仅用“纪律”来进行资金管理,一定会死得难看。十分之三的交易会出错。三次错误的损失都控制在20到30点的话,你的赢利会远远超过止损,这就是止损的意义之所在。别怕出错。即使是职业的棒球运动员,也只能打中十分之六。狮子在追杀猎物时的成功率才20%。而职业的高尔夫球员则是95%的可能会失误。职业的扑克玩家有50%的机会失败。因此,与其它领域相比,(如果你听从了我的忠告,)外汇交易的机会要大得多。哪怕是做生意也有卖不出去的仓底货,所以,世界上是没有100%的成功机会的。

十一、
总而言之,在一个关键点位前、或是一个明显的形态下(例如:双头、趋势线被突破)开仓,把止损放在另一侧(别离得太近),就会赢。因为,在这种情况下,价 格走势是会突然反向跳动的,容易被打止损。如果你遵从20到30点止损规则,而实际上止损放到另一侧33点才会安全,就应该放宽止损。因此,止损的规则确 实是20到30点,但也应该根据实际情况执行。

十二、
止损只是为了保险.而不是赢利.当行情不断上涨(或不断下跌),你却可以使用追踪止损的方法来不断提高(或者降低)你的止损来保护已有的赢利.

十三、
外汇交易法宝只要四个就够了:形态分析、MACD背离、关键支撑阻力位、趋势线分析。作为一个坚信技术分析的人来说,应集中全部精力进行技术分析,避免情绪化的影响。任何新闻都会反应在价格走势里,所以,根本不必理睬它。形态分析我指的是双重、三重顶或底。

十四、
至关重要的是:虽然我的文章里说过可以用M1/M3或M2/M4预测来作下一步的操作,然而炒外汇是一种对结果不能明确把握的活动,还做不到确信无疑。要不然,这世界真成了遍地黄金,任何人都可以成富翁了。我们并没有期望这样,对吧?外汇是个难以预料的东西。我要强调的是M1、M2、M3和M4的组合可以很好地预测下一时段“真正的”高点和低点。它可能是M1/M4、M2/M3,也可能是其它五个关键点位组合。M1/M3和M2/M4这种计算方法只是一个参考,不能作为一成不变的教条。价格是第一位的指标。它决定了高点和低点在哪里。除此之外,你要预测外汇走势,还要结合另三样法宝——“形态分析”、“MACD背离”和“趋势线分析”。也就是说,如果汇价从前一个时段直到现在都是一直向下发展,现在它到了M3,而且仍在向下,那么就可以说在下一个时段,M3很有可能成为一个高点。即使我的系统说 M4是高点,也不用理会。所以,利用关键点位分析的时候要结合其它三个工具:形态分析、MACD背离和趋势线分析。我就经历过刚刚说的这种情况:汇价从上 一时段就一直向下发展,新的时段开始的时候,刚好穿过M3,而且同时也出现了双顶的形态。好了,这下有三个方面确信它要向南了,在这种情况下我相 信,MACD也一定表明它是会跌的。于是,这个时段的高点,很大可能就是它了。

十五、
刚刚开始接触外汇交易的人,可以从EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, 和USD/CHF这四个主要货币对中选择一个进行操作,并且成为这一个货币对的行家。如果你问我的看法,我个人倾向于推荐欧元,因为我每天向全世界客户提供对于欧元的分析。当你能够很好地把握它的节奏了以后,再转向其它三个主要货币对。处于学习阶段的情况下,主要精力应该放在分析趋势,管理操作上,这个时候,不适合在几个货币对上换来换去的。

十六
保持所有的交易记录,好的和坏的都要.对它们一一加以分析,看看你对在哪里,错在何处.力求下次遇到同样的情况时做得更好.一个"职业"交易者必须具备这个好习惯.光凭运气是不行的.

十七、
(待续)
==========================
以下是39楼suenpheng的翻译内容,移到这里的目的只不过是为了方便大家阅读。感谢热心的suenpheng为大家做出的贡献。

看到这么多虚心的朋友急这看后面的内容,本人帮着翻译下吧,不精勿怪,呵呵,
策略17:
重要一点:如果价格开盘就在新时段预测幅度的顶端(R2或更高),换言之,处在卖区(高于中央枢轴点的区域),且有其它指标指示价格过高(如特定K线,均 线背离或趋势线突破),那么价格有可能已经是新时段的高了。同理,如果价格开盘于新时段预测幅度的底部(S2或更低),或者说处于买区(中央枢轴点以下区 域),且有其它指标建议价格过低,则价格可能就是新时段的低了。
策略18:
如果没什么可做就不要做,不要冲动或仅仅是想做而做,那会带来很多麻烦。仅当四种工具有非常明确信号时才做。
策略19:
选择交易商要选这一行中点差最低的。
策略20:
有时在周末休息后,周日开盘时出现剧幅波动。通常情况下我使用周五的高低开盘收盘(OHLC)数据,但如果周日出现15分钟图上剧幅波动,我会使用周日的OHLC来更好地确定下一时段的支撑和阻力位。当然这只适用于将周日两小时与周一分开的交易商。
策略21:
经常有人问我为什么他的枢轴点与我的不同,答案是你可能使用不同的交易商,24小时交易时段在不同时间断开,结果当然不同,但没关系,因为你的枢轴点计算 是反映你用交易商过去24小时的市场,其结果也预测下一时段的支撑和阻力位。如果你的交易商下午5点断开,你使用不同时间断开的OHLC数据,则出现不同 步。
策略22:
提醒前股票交易者(我说前,因为确实不知道为什么你尝过外汇后还想回到股票):不要过度交易外汇,这不是刮头皮的市场,外汇趋势很好,下迭中不要买过早,上升中不要卖过早,看到趋势线突破后再做行动。
策略23:
除非全心投入你不会在外汇交易上成功,这不是玩的地方,如果你不打算认真对待,去做别的吧。
策略24:
把你的情绪放在后裤兜,这是事业,应该以事业来对待,你有任何坏习惯,外汇市场会很快给你纠正。
策略25:
重要一点:如果根据你目前一切所学,本时段的大势是跌,则想“下”,反弹就卖,不要试图去买,否则会折磨至死。同样,如果根据你目前一切所学,本时段的大 势是长,则想“上”,逢低就买,不要试图去卖。前股票交易者想双向都得而牺牲。或许当你真正擅长了可以一试,但目前,只想一个方向,免去悲伤。
策略26:
另外重要一点:欧元大势开始于纽约时间凌晨2点以后,正是伦顿时段,外汇最忙时间。一个时段又一时段,欧元总会在这第一个12小时里平均走76点。不管你 信与不信,欧元一旦决定了这12小时的大势,就一直走到该幅度(76点)的另一端。要抓住趋势,骑上它。当然它不会走直线,即使飞机起落也有途中颠簸,欧 元亦如此,一旦选择了方向,它会盘旋直到幅度的另一端。途中会骗笨钱出局,他们从来不知道发生了什么。结论是:如果欧元想在12小时里下跌,它会向下走完 76点,要往“下”想;如果欧元想在12小时里长,它会向上走完76点,要往“上”看。这12小时里欧元要么长要么跌,不会两者都有,我讲的是主趋势。当 然途中会有反弹或回调,取决于长势还是跌势,但如前述,跌势中卖反弹,长势中买回调,这就够了。
策略27:
想想看,你得到上面策略26,你会爱上它,它将考验你的神经。如果你想买入这12小时的大势,何不当它开始时就骑上它!这需要铁的神经,因为欧元会不时背 着你走,但不足以吃掉你开始设的止损。从风险回报率的角度,你冒险20点获利76点,不错的比率。我想说的是何不下单,设上止损,去清理游泳池,让欧元区 折走完它的幅度!很多人被骗出的原因是他们下单后紧盯着价格,稍有波折就反应过度。放下不要去管它,最坏就是被止损出局是吧,往往是你不会,如果你捉到了 主趋势,机会非常有利于你每手多赚760美元。如果途中不停交易,你可能被打的很惨最后赔钱。让欧元领着你,而不是相反。
策略28:
不时的,我会鼓励你从日间图后退几步,远距离来看它,有时你可能离的太近,只见树木不见森林。从日线图上标出趋势线并找出背离,你会看出很多下一步的走 法,这正是你想知道的是吧。不仅趋势线突破和均线背离有大文章,日线在哪里收也会暗示下一步将会向哪走,研究柱图你会知道我的意思。
我觉得不时停下来从更高层次思考是明智的,从上向下看事物是健康的。有时我们会迷失在日间价格的碎步里而看不到眼前展开的大画面。
策略29:
重复一下,你只需看几样东西,然后耐心等待入点的出现。不要觉得是时间了就扣动扳机,要等明确信号。只需四个指标:柱图,均线背离,枢轴点(突破/测试/ 遇阻)和趋势线突破,这些足以让你在外汇交易业成功,不再需要铃铛和穗子,可能与你以前学到的不同。最难做的是抹掉以往所学,摇摇头让它们走开。
策略30:
虽然我说只要四条线索,实际上还有第五个就是价格。价格是天底下第一指标,它告诉你想去哪,让它指路。好比打牌,在它自己亮出来前必须耐心等待。这叫跟着头羊走。
策略31:
最近有人问我关于买卖多手的问题,你可以在入点就满仓,也可以一次一手,随着价格穿越每个枢轴点加仓,直到幅度的终点。如果你确信已顺势并有好的资金管理 技术,沿路加仓没有错。或者两者并用,开始就全仓,随着价格穿越枢轴点买/卖更多,直到终点。不要出局过早,记住外汇趋势性好(尤其主趋势),价格知道想 朝哪走,让它带你去那。用五个指标来做出你的决定。
策略32:
在枢轴点之间交易要小心,这是无人区也是危险区,好的交易是在枢轴点附近做的。
策略33:
花时间在15分钟图上画出枢轴点,这应该是你重点关注的,就如飞机上雷达,没有参考点很难交易(起飞)。不需要画出全部,也不一定能放的下,但至少画出价 格附近的枢轴点。你也可以在1小时和5分钟图上画出,但不能花太多时间在上面,或许是浪费时间,但并非有害。你还应画趋势线。趋势线在枢轴点突破是转向的 有力证据。再画上均线背离,图上看到的越多,交易会越好。交易时段也要划线分开。
策略34:
5分钟图好比航船上的微调板,虽不起眼,但对纠正航向很有作用。交易亦如此,不时看看5分钟图会洞察15分钟图下面有什么异动,这很重要,尤其是接近趋势 尾端,价格试图结束趋势或朝反方向偷袭你却没有注意。当然如前所说,不要停留在前股票交易者喜欢的5分钟地盘上,那些人本质是刮头皮的,但在外汇市场会被 刮光,正如我的一名新客户巨痛后才发现的。他现在下完单(设好止损),就去机场接机,或清理游泳池,然后回来看看不执迷于每个小波动而赚了多少钱。我不是 说完全不管,但我说的是太近就是太近。一旦捉住了趋势(通过五项指标),让价格自己走,耐心等待让你行动的下一个事件。当然下一步行动也要是通过前面五项 指标得出的。如果没有看到什么特别,什么也不要动,坐在你的手上,做什么也不要按进入键。
策略35:
最近有人问我需要多少信号才扣动扳机。我前面说过,你只需要从柱图,均线背离,枢轴点,趋势线和价格来找方向,但要多少信号才交易?当然一个就足以定音, 但两个或更多一起说同样事情则更有说服力。比如,欧元最近是跌势,从上个交易时段结束到进入新时段仍在跌,在新时段开始,价格在枢轴点附近形成双顶。好了 这里有三个信号告诉你怎么做,当然是做空。我们有跌势,双顶还有上顶枢轴点,很多证据说要下行,你应该明白的。这好有一比,早晨开车去上班你不必等所有灯 变绿才启动,那样你就别上班了,绿灯越多越好,但一个绿灯就足可上路了。
策略36:
一些心理学:对于新手,交易做多了自尊心会上升。你不会永远正确,你会犯错,这对新手和老手都是正常的。不要被失败击倒,对自己说下一次,你必须向前走。 如果使用好的资金管理,如20-30点止损,你会活下来看到下次交易,这就是保存力量。不要怀疑你的指标(记住,柱图,均线背离,枢轴点,趋势线和价 格),你不应该跟飞机上的仪表争论,否则就会撞机。所以要对指标不存怀疑,当它告诉你行动时要行动,它告诉你买就买,要有勇气这么做。一个要点是:不要听 任何其他人的,做自己的顾问,闭上耳朵交易,这是你和你的钱,你没有人可问。要避开负面思维的人,不要跟人讲外汇,除非他跟你一样对外汇死认真。否则他会 把你拉下来。要谦虚,把吹牛权留到以后。如果你变得自负,外汇会把你拉下来。最后是专注于成功,当心你的思维,思维会铸就行动和结果。如果你专注于最后的 结果成功,你将会到达那里。如果你总是害怕,会影响你的心理。当你失败和摔倒时,把自己拉起来,拍掉土,继续前进。不要被错误吓倒,你将会做的更好,尤其 当你保留所有交易记录,下死功夫研究它们。要做专业人士,做有准备之人。
策略37:
最近有客户问我,他发现价格穿越枢轴点上行好大阵,账面上多了很多钱,在R2处停住,然后继续上长,应该怎么办?回答是:R2通常是阻力位,当价格穿越 R2上行而不再跌破R2时,R2变成了支撑位,这是一个买入信号,记住价格是王,它想怎么走就怎么走,你必须跟着它,即使它已经给反方向的添了许多眼泪, 或已经超越它的日均幅度,如果愿意它仍会继续走。记住:外汇趋势性强,不要买过早,也不要卖过早,等待它已做出决定的强烈证据。在此例中,价格在R2停 住,但并没跌破它,没有任何要逆转的迹象,一旦决定继续上行,你所有要做的就是跟上,不要成为R2高位缺氧的牺牲品,相信你的指标,按他们告诉的做。不要 本能地认为价格太高了,如果愿意它可以走更高,在本例中是高的多。
策略38:
练习的越多,我的运气越好。(Wayne Gretzky—加拿大冰球名将)
策略39:
通常你不应在枢轴点之间买卖,这是无人区,等待价格在支撑或阻力位做出决定,并结合其它指标,价格方向,柱图,均线背离,在枢轴点的反应,趋势线突破。
策略40:
不要将均线用于背离以外的东西。最近均线在15分钟图上上行,让不疑的交易者相信价格上行,但价格在主枢轴点处调头向下去寻找幅度的另一端S1。在均线上你看不到这些,因为它是延后指标。总之,均线只能用于背离,不能用于其它目的。
策略41:
你只应在枢轴点附近进出,而不是之间,如前述。当价格在枢轴点上波动,看一看5分钟图,幕后有什么发生,因为在价格与枢轴点交涉之前你应该一直只关注15 分钟图。现在你应该关注价格在袖口干什么。在上面(40)的例子中,价格上穿主枢轴点欺骗了不疑的交易者,然后下跌,在15分钟图上留下长上影线。当然只 看15分钟图还看不到,但5分钟图上已经价格逆转,准备下行。
策略42:
均线与价格没有背离,只说明均线确认价格趋势不变。但也不要被捉弄,见40中例。
策略43:
阻力位(M3,R1,M4,R2)是卖区,卖者会多于买者,价格被下压。同样,支撑位(S2,M1,S1,M2)是买区,买者会多于卖者,将价格推高。这 些预期是根据前一交易时段买/卖关系的解释,相信仔细研究枢轴点后你会同意这种看法,价格在接近和围绕枢轴点处会犹疑,停住,并决定下一步走向。这就是为 什么你不应在枢轴点之间交易,此时价格在进行中。
策略44:
不要因为有人说太危险而被吓出外汇市场,实际上与其它市场比它是风险最小的。外汇市场不像股票和期货一样被操纵,它是一个真正完美的24小时市场,你的止损单很少不能执行,因为外汇市场有高流通性,每日交易额达15亿美元,它是世界上最流通的市场,你得到好的成交价,和快的成交速度。
策略45:
5月23日是一个不寻常的日子,价格超出了平均幅度,从枢轴点开始两小时长135点,跃于R2之上。欧元在双顶处逆转,跌破R2,回到日平均幅度,在本例 中稍高于平均幅度。当然你可能已经注意到,双顶同时又是双轨(如果正巧你看的是柱图而非烛图),两种形态同时产生是很强的信号,表示已经到了头。所以在看 价格形态的同时,注意同时发生的组合形态。
策略46:
5月23日应该是M2/M4,因为头天收盘在高位,但实际幅度却是枢轴/R2。女士先生们,交易是灰色的,枢轴点不是石头做的。但通常它们会很接近。
那天,枢轴点R2组合使欧元超过日均幅度,但仍在枢轴点定义的逻辑范围之内。中央枢轴点成了买点(支撑),当价格有力地上冲后,它成为当日寻幅使命的起点。同样,R2是卖点(阻力),是卖压的可能目标,所以欧元在此结束了它当日的寻幅使命。
重要一点是,欧元所获完整幅度都在枢轴点逻辑和规律的指标以内,这是理解该事件的要点。我的意思是中央枢轴点下面的四个枢轴点都是可能买点,上面的四个枢 轴点(包括R2)都是可能卖点。获得,或如5月23日超过完全幅度,都是常理,不一定严格遵守M1/M3或M2/M4的买卖组合。
我相信你已经看到枢轴点的力量,你只应在它附近而不是中间无人区买卖。这里唯一要警告的是如那天,价格在R2之上形成双顶和双轨的形态组合,这一逆转现象,尤其两种形态同时发生,是不容忽视的。
但这里的要点是价格在上穿R2后形成的双顶/轨,该区应该属于竭尽区,考虑到最后的阻力位被破的事实。然后你寻找有力证据,看价格会继续上行还是如本例逆转向下。
要仔细研究柱图,相信你已注意到价格在某一交易时段的表现与上一时段的相似性。事实上由于外汇趋势性好,每天都看起来相似,除了实际幅度,高低点不同而已(即九个可能枢轴高低点的循环重复)。
价格总会决定要使用哪一套枢轴点,所以要跟上价格,正因如此我称它为第五个指标,或许是五个中最重要指标。到此,另外四个指标你应该有了很多的了解。
请坚持每天研究柱图,它们提供了每天发生的重要线索,如果你明白图中的东西,你必将持续赢利。
策略47:
不要过贪。最近听一个客户说他从一个交易时段只获150点,很多都落在桌上。天那,像他从股市来的人,一天获利这些应该很感激了。要点是,如果你从新手开始每天只求20点,超出的都是奖励,时间长了财富一定到来。
但不要忘记老话“落袋为安”,如果你见到赢利想拿到手,那就拿了高兴吧。你会活着见到另一天,获更多的利。不要总想抓大,这里不会一夜暴富,这里需要保存力量,持续赢利。当你有好的理由平仓时就去做。
策略48:
外汇交易需要遵循一套纪律。大量金融行为学研究表明,比起获利$1的喜悦,交易者损失$1承受两倍的痛苦,因此他们冒更多的风险来避损而不是赢利,结果高买低卖,与传统智慧相背。遵循我的交易策略,你将避免像5月28日的汇市大跌中被剃短发。
策略49:
有人问我为什么等到纽约凌晨3点才行动,失去这以前的可能机会。答案是:这个时间是伦敦交易开始,也是汇市最忙的时间,你会注意到欧元通常此时开始它的主趋势,去寻找它的日均幅度76点,这些点通常会在第一个12小时里发生。自己核查一下,这几乎每天如此,年年如此。
策略50:
“上升三角型”:价格高点似有水平线,而低点越来越高,这通常是牛的形态。取三角型的高,从高点上量得到新的目标价,例子可见03年5月26日。
策略51:
结合枢轴点与其它信号如背离,多重顶,趋势线突破,三角型等,你会很好地知道价格下步走向。通常你应该只在枢轴点附近进出,但有时枢轴之间距离很大,你应该找其它证据预测未来的方向。
正如我一直所说,交易是灰色的,这里没有黒与白,交易更多的是艺术而非科学。当价格遭遇枢轴点时,你会看到该点对价格有很大影响,所以当价格与下一个枢轴点发生作用时要警觉,它可能对下步有显著影响。
策略52:
如果你想抓到伦敦时段的主趋势,却担心入点搞不准,那就等下一个枢轴点。下一个入点就在价格穿越的下个枢轴点附近。或者等它回头重试枢轴点时进入,这样就 没有了入点过早的危险了。有时价格会欺骗,在一个方向走一会,又逆转方向,最后才选定方向。我喜欢的格言是“拖延者羸”,你失去的是趋势最初大约30点, 但更有把握获取余下的46点,因为主趋势要走完它的日均幅度76点。
策略53:
我想提醒你中央枢轴点以上的枢轴点有卖的偏向,中央枢轴点以下的枢轴点有买的偏向,这些偏向保持有效,直到价格将它的偏向由卖变买,或买变卖,即阻力变支撑或支撑变阻力。
2003年6月6日,你会观察到价格在M3的偏向有效,但中央枢轴点下面的枢轴点却由买或支撑变成了卖或阻力,当然,价格决定一切。
另一个要点是,当主趋势展开后(几乎每天发生,在开始的12小时里)你应该沿着偏向去想。那天早期交易的偏向是做空,意味着你应该忘记如何拼写“做多”。 刮头皮的人想双向都获利,但在外汇市场行不通,除非你想被修短发。我这么说因为外汇趋势性好,不要怀疑趋势,除非有确定的逆转信号。换言之,不要卖过早, 也不要买过早。
策略54:
把交易日志继续下去。如果你总是按同样方法交易,你将总是得到同样的结果。
策略55:
没有什么说你必须经常交易或每天交易。在其它市场,大多专业交易员每周只做三到四次非常好的交易,但汇市上却不然,这里的时间段是每天。不过,如果没看到极好的交易就不要交易,关掉它去打球。
放慢速度,遵守限速,这不是赛车。无论如何,你控制市场而非被市场控制。不要强迫自己做不舒服的事,等那些完美的机会再行动。同样在不顺的日子,什么也别做或去别的。掌控你的交易,而不是被控。
策略56:
经常有人问我均线的参数,我用的是初始设定,一样好用,无论如何,均线只用它的背离。
策略57:
我前面说过你应该在枢轴点及附近交易。唯一例外是如果你在柱图上看到趋势线突破,或长上影线,发出明确的逆转信号。如果价格在枢轴之间,而你不知道该怎么做,就什么也不做。汇市或其它市场一样,耐心是最难的。
策略58:
欧元的主趋势从伦敦时段开始显露,在此之前,价格会引诱你朝另一方向想,而事实上它却准备好向相反方向走。在伦敦时段展开前你很容易被骗,应该耐心等待, 从上一时段寻找线索,价格最终会怎么走。你有否看到头肩顶,三角型?有否看到价格在某方向走了很长一段时间?有否看到均线背离(1小时和15分钟图上)? 有否任何通道,价格试图朝哪边突破?做富尔摩斯,一点侦探工作会在你起跳前帮助很多,如童子军所说“准备好”。把情绪放在后裤兜,以后再用。把交易视作砖 石工程,用同样的原则和方式。这不是在赌博,这是严肃的事业,干系到你辛苦挣的钱,要不惜一切保护它。
策略59:
有人问我为什么不贴出我的即时交易,为什么我从事交易时不可以给我打电话。回答很简单,授人与鱼养其一日,授人与渔,养其一生。而且在安静的交易时间被打扰是非常有压力,也是非常费时的,相信你能理解。我的客户遍及30多个国家,谁来了都要接待将会是噩梦。我们正准备开一个聊天室,眼下还不知何时开张,到时我会及时通知。
我教人捕鱼,而非给人与鱼。记得我第一次学习交易时,做每一步都有我的老师坐在身边,但有一天他搬走了,去了一个偏僻的小岛躲避城市生活。这对他很好,但我却很恐惧,自己如何能生存?女士先生们,当我被迫自己做的时候我真正学会了交易,那时我真是汗珠满额。
这是你和市场的事情,以及掌控你的心理。任何人都可学会用我的方式交易外汇,但做好做坏取决于你内心不停怀疑的小声音,而且恐惧和贪婪时时咬住你。你必须掌握的是你的心理,你必须有纪律和耐心,你必须按我教你的真实信号行动,否则你不如去当地赌场碰运气。
外汇不是赌博,它是一项事业,会有失有得,你所不停努力的是当价格与你相背时要控制它,你是负责人,你可以通过聪明的交易与好的资金管理来取得上风。你不会每次都赢,但使用我的系统,你会十中赢七,秘诀在于把损失控制到最小,让赢利飞奔。
回到没有教练坐在旁边单独行动的话题,我的一位朋友告诉我他如何学会飞行。教练在飞行仓陪他练过几次后,他们降落回机场,教练转过来对他说“该你自己了, 我走了”。说到紧张和压力,朋友自己起飞又降落回来,但脸色仓白,双腿打颤。从此后他就独立飞行,已成为他热心做的事情。这就是没有人手把手而自己独立去 做,我们称之为“拔高信心”。如果你能成功地自己飞行或交易,世界上没有什么事你不能做的同样好。事实上,能够在航空母舰上降落的飞行员可成为最好的交易 员,这是另外的故事了。
我可以告诉你,我的朋友在那次单独飞行中比以前有教练陪着的所有飞行学到的更多。交易也如此,你能做到,一定要相信。努力成为大师,分析,阅读,研究,思 考。对交易有激情。不要把它当成快速致富的途径,因为热爱才去做,就像不管如何你都要做,尽管它可以赚钱。这其中一定有乐趣,只工作不玩耍,你知道会如 何。
不要误解我,有问题我会解答你,我希望你成功,与家人共渡幸福时光。当你来信告诉我它改变了你的生活,你现在用我的方式交易外汇快乐赚钱,没有什么比这更让我愉快了。
策略60:
当你觉得已经捕捉到主趋势,就不要再紧盯在柱图上。一旦趋势展开,找一个枢轴点进入,读柱图是为了捕捉主趋势方向的转变。
跌势中的双顶意义不大,但双底却不同,跌势中的长下影线或双底表示短期逆转。一旦主趋势展开是在空方,假装不知道做多怎么写,紧跟主趋势。以上所说的是伦敦时段的开始,也是主趋势显露之时。
策略61:
你应该训练到,不借助任何视觉帮助,从图上看出价格在向哪走。这必须成为你的第二本能。达到这一点,你的交易就轻松了,压力降下来了,因为你在控制市场而不是相反。这需要日复一日的训练,需要耐心和毅力,你必须坚持直到得到它。胜利者从不放弃,放弃者从不胜利。
策略62:
开始做可能会有恐惧,从容易做起,等你熟悉的坚实信号出现再交易。这意味着你可能等待一二个时段,没关系,不急。我发现有些人急于证明什么,有人觉得必须 每天刮头皮,我无法理解。不管怎样你有操纵权,慢慢来,放松,享受它,迟早你会见到你认识的坚实信号,好了冲吧。有怀疑时,什么也别做,没怀疑那就做,扣 动扳机。
策略63:
不幸的是,你不会每次都得到扣扳机所需的所有信号。交易是科学更是艺术,你不可能100%确信。如果等所有鸭子排好队,要等很长时间。我喜欢的比喻是:你 坐在车库里想去上班,你在等路上所有灯变绿才开车。想一想,你永远上不了班。交易也一样,有时必须做有知识的猜测,然后出发。你不会永远正确,但这不是正 不正确的事,这是做决定并坚持,必要时就转向的问题。接受被止损出局的事实,当作是上帝把你踢向更高一层,离成功更近一步。
策略64:
这一条感谢汤姆:当到达某一时段的枢轴点时(M1,S1,S2,主枢轴点等)只有两个选择,多或空。基本规则是:在S1,S2,M1,M3区的枢轴点下做 多(买),在R1,R2,M2,M4区枢轴点上做空(卖)。很明显,多和空的问题不是如此简单,还需要根据其它指标如均线背离,柱图,趋势和形态等。汤姆 呀,路很长呢。
策略65:
前面说过,你应该在枢轴点附近买或卖。但如果价格在枢轴点之间徘徊,并形成双顶,相信价格将会下行。所以有时你会在碰到枢轴点之前就行动。当然等价格到了再做反应也不为过。
策略66:
这一条感谢哈里:他指出我有时提到“价格投影”,问这是什么意思。简单说它是价格逆转形态,中间柱比两边的柱有更高的高,中间柱就是一个逆转柱,引发转向,价格逆转向下。价格逆转向上的情况同理,中间柱比两边的柱有更低的低,中间柱就是逆转柱。
策略67:
任何事情成功的关键在于重复,包括外汇交易。交易训练的越多,真钱做的越多,就做的越好。你必须坚持,一遍又一遍,贵在坚持,如果始终做不放弃,任何事情都可以做好。不要被市场吓退,赔钱时只当作经验,接受教训,从错误中学习。坚持写笔记,如果不写,它就不存在。
策略68:
我的印象是有些人没有给趋势线足够的关注。趋势线是有力的,价格突破趋势线会转向,不管其它指标如何说。所以要画趋势线,让它当向导。记住:在长势中(如 03年6月25日),只要趋势线不破,低了就买。在跌势中,反弹就卖。长势中绝不试图做空,跌势中绝不试图做多,就这么简单。
策略69:
这一条感谢斯图:我一直说均线只用于背离,但斯图是对的,我偶然(如03年6月25)也用它来确认趋势。如果价格趋势一直向下,走了好长一段时间,那么当价格逆势而行时,非常可能只是回调或暂时的反向运动。我通常会紧跟主趋势,跌势中卖反弹,长势中买回落。
策略70:
有读者问我6月27日星期五发生了什么,15分钟柱图那么多巨幅柱。那是难做的一天,即使对于老练的专业人士。有很多跷跷板,很多止损被执行,交易形态被 季末换仓主导。这是旁观的一天。下次遇到季末要有准备,在日历上标出来,下个,下下个。交易既要擅长它,也要有组织有准备。
策略71:
马拉松运动员在途中只想一件事:越过终点线。他们从不回头看。交易也一样,你应该集中于长期生存。当然有时会跌倒,但只须爬起来,继续向前。胜利者不放弃,放弃者不胜利。
策略72:
小心像7月4日周末这样的节日,交易清淡,很难产生有意义的枢轴点,最好去打球,忘掉它。没有人说你必须每天交易,要有自己的生活。
策略73:
如果你找入点有麻烦,我建议你等出现锤子或拉长顶,然后扣动扳机。你可能等很长时间,但至少可确定找到了好的入点,这种烛图是价格转向的可靠先行者。看看任何柱图,你能找出多少这种蜡烛,你会惊奇有这么多。
策略74:
我刚刚出席过一个年轻交易者的聚会,他们在外汇市场只有两个半月,他们在进步,我以他们为荣。我想把他们的观察传给你们,会有所帮助。他们已学会短期交 易,正学着使用更长时段,从1小时图上寻找线索。他们相信1小时图上的信号比15分钟上的更强有力,他们说你应该等信号在1小时图上得到确认再行动,当然 除非你在15分钟图上看到铁的证据。女士先生们,交易是灰色的,这些想法对他们有效,但并不是说你不可以一试。如果你试了并且有效,请让我知道,我将与其 它同党分享。
策略75:
感谢比尔,他指出03年8月22日图上3:01和5:01-6:01期间的锤子没起作用。我的回答是:这些蜡烛需要与其它指标结合使用来决定价格的转向。 比如上例,下跌趋势线并没有破,因此锤子所含的作用被削灭了。总之,图型所含的转向信号应该伴随有其它信号,包括枢轴点。换言之,当你看到锤子时价格在枢 轴点发生了什么?枢轴点是否支持蜡烛所说?谢谢比尔。
策略76:
最近有人问我哪里找到外汇的交易量。有名的网站都没有,也没必要,因为外汇是流通的市场,交易量是多余的,你只需要技术分析来做外汇交易。
策略77:
有些新闻要关心。我过去一直喊多欧元和瑞朗,果不其然,2003年9月5日美国很坏的就业新闻使二者大长。在外汇市场,新闻不是燥音。
策略78:
有“说话”的牛与熊,还有“真正”的牛与熊。真正的牛熊反映在交易量和未冲单上,当然这些数据在外汇交易中不存在,但期货市场中有,因为期货是主要用来投机的工具,这些数据提供了感性线索。
汇市的转折点往往伴随着极端的未冲单数量,表示有极端的投机。这里的关键是看出未冲单和交易量的极端水平,指示趋势的可能转向。
未冲单数量日间很少有用,但通过未冲单和量来预知趋势的变化,或知道某一货币对的极端投机,对使用任何时间段的交易者都是有价值的信息。通过研究某一货币对的期货,可提高你检测该对货币的偏向并预测其未来走向的机会。
如03年9月2日,商业交易人极端做多欧元和瑞朗的期货,而货币却被极端做空。当你看到这两阵营的极端分歧,你知道价格可能将跟随商业交易人走。
欧元和瑞朗代表了很好的中线做多机会,很好的买并留住的机会。果然,03年9月5日美国出了很坏的就业数据,两者大长,有谁猜到了?
策略79:
我觉得有个错误概念,即你必须只用15分钟图交易。你还可以用1小时和日柱图交易,只是周期延长了。比如,当我喊多欧元和瑞朗时,你可以从日柱图上下单并留住,同样也可以等1小时图上出现合理入点再进入。
策略80:
对于新手,最好避开周一,长周末结束后或季末,这些日子有大量的换仓。
复制内容到剪贴板
代码:
Currency Trading Strategy Number 17:

Important point here: If price action opens in the upper end of the projected range for the session (all the way up to R2, and beyond) – in other words, in the sell area (that area above the central pivot point) – and there are other suggestions that price is too high (such as a particular bar reading, MACD divergence, or trendline breakout), then price has probably achieved the upper end of its price range for the session. The same holds true where price action opens in the lower end of the projected range for the session (all the way down to S2, and beyond) – in other words, in the buy area (that area below the central pivot point) – and there are other suggestions that price is too low (such as a particular bar reading, MACD divergence, or trendline breakout), then price has probably achieved the lower end of its price range for the session.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 18:

If there is nothing to do, then don't do it. Don't just do something because your "gut" tells you to. That can get you in a lot of trouble in this business. Only react to bona fide signals provided by the four indicators talked about above – "reading bars," MACD divergence, pivot points, and trendline analysis.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 19:

Only use an "industrial strength" market maker with the lowest pip spread in the industry. If you would like more information on this, please send me an e-mail: [email]prbain@tradingsmarts.com[/email]

Currency Trading Strategy Number 20:

Occasionally, you will see a huge spike up in price, as we did 11 May 03. This just happened to be on a Sunday, shortly after re-commencement of trading, after the weekend respite. Ordinarily, I would take the OHLC numbers from Friday, but given the nature of the wild swing up that evening on one of the 15 min bars, I would then use the OHLC numbers from Sunday night's session close to get a better reading on support and resistance levels for the next session. This is, of course, if you are using a market maker that delineates its break between trading sessions in the late evening - anywhere between 20:59:50 and 24:00 (midnight).

Currency Trading Strategy Number 21:

I often get asked by fellow traders why my pivot points aren't the same as theirs. Good question. The answer is, of course, that you may be using a different market maker, where a daily 24-hour session is "cut off" at a different time. Some end at 20:59:50. Others at five pm. Where you take your OHLC from will have a direct bearing on the pivot points that you calculate using my program. The results will obviously not be the same. But, that is okay – because you want to use the pivot point calculations that are reflective of the last 24 hours at the market maker you are trading with. That way, the resulting numbers will be truly indicative of the support and resistance levels you should be working with during the next session. If you are trading with a firm that cuts off at 5 pm, and using OHLC figures from another source that cuts off at a different time, your figures will be "out-of-sync." I hope this all makes sense. If not, please send me an e-mail: [email]prbain@tradingsmarts.com[/email] Also, in your message, you can ask me how to get a copy of my program, if you don't already have one. You can also ask me where you should be trading – i.e., which market maker you should be using. I only recommend "select" providers, after considerable research, and feedback from my clients.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 22:

Former stock traders take note: I say former because I don't honestly know why you would ever want to go back to stocks after having tasted the forex. Don't over-trade the forex. This is not a scalping market! If you have to scalp, do it in slow motion. Currencies trend well. Don't buy too soon in a downtrend, and don't sell too soon in an uptrend. Watch for trendline breakouts to know when to make your move.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 23:

You cannot succeed at trading the forex unless you are TOTALLY committed to trading, and trading it. This is not something to be played with. If you are not going to take it seriously, then try something else.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 24:

Put your emotions in your hip pocket. This is a business, and should be treated as such. If you have any bad habits, the forex will fix them real quick.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 25:

Important point here: If you deem the major trend for the current session, based on everything you have learned to this point, to be down, then think DOWN. Sell rallies. Don't look to buy, or you might get whipsawed to death. Likewise, if you deem the major trend for the current session to be up, based on everything you have learned to this point, then think UP. Buy the dips. Don't look to sell. Former stock traders fall prey to wanting to have it both ways. Maybe, when you get real good at this, you can try. But for now, think one way, and save yourself the grief.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 26:

Another important point here: The major rally for the Euro begins after two am New York time. These are the London hours – the busiest in the forex, bar none. The Euro always – session after session – puts in, on average, 76 pips during the first 12 hours from that time forward. Whether you want to believe it or not, the Euro, once it makes up its mind what the major trend is going to be during those 12 hours, will "drive" to the other end of its range (76 pips) within those 12 hours. So catch the trend, and ride it. Now, it won't be a straight line, of course. Even an airplane taking off or landing encounters some bumps along the way. Same too with the Euro. Once it picks its direction, it will meander all the way to the other end of its range. This will "fake" the dumb money out. They never know what happens to them. To conclude: If the Euro wants to have a down trend during those 12 hours, it will achieve its 76 pips south of where it started. So, think DOWN. If the Euro wants to have an up trend from during those 12 hours, it will achieve its 76 pips north of where it started. So, think UP. The Euro either goes up or down during those 12 hours – not both. Here, I am talking about the major trend, of course. Ah yes, there will be rallies or dips along the way, depending on the direction of the trend (down or up), but like I said earlier, SELL THE RALLIES IN A DOWNTREND, AND BUY THE DIPS IN AN UPTREND. That's all there is to it.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 27:

Something to think about: If you get the above strategy - number 26, then you're going to love this one. It will test your nerve. If you buy into the idea of the major trend unfolding during those 12 hours (check it out here every day, and you'll see living proof), then why not try to get in when it starts to unfold, and "ride it." That will take nerves of steel, because the Euro will go against you from time to time – but not enough so to take out your initial stop. From a risk/reward ratio point of view, you are risking 20 pips to gain 76. Not a bad ratio. What I am trying to say here is why not just put your trade on, set the stop, and go clean the swimming pool while the Euro meanders its way to the end of its range. What spooks a lot of people out is when they stare at price action after they have engaged their trade, and they over-react every time the Euro hiccups. Just leave it alone. So, what's the worst that can happen? You can get stopped out right? Chances are you won't. If you catch the major trend, chances are very much in your favor that you will be richer by at least US$760 per lot. If you trade the action all the way through the trend, you may get beat up real bad, and lose anyway. Let the Euro lead you, not the other way around.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 28:

Every once in a while, I would encourage you to step back from the daily intraday action, and have a look at it from 30,000 feet. Sometimes, we can get too close to it, and not see the trees in the forest. On the daily chart, if you plot trendlines and look for divergences, you will learn a lot about where price is going to go "next." Of course, that's what we all want to know, right? Not only do trendline breakouts and MACD divergences tell a "big" story, but where a daily bar closes will offer up a clue as to where price will likely go in the next session. Study the chart, and you'll see what I mean.

For those of you who don't know what this is all about, the little line pointing off to the right of a price bar is the "close" for the daily session. The little line pointing off to the left is the "open" for that session. In the forex world, the close of one session automatically becomes the open for the next session, as this is a very liquid market, and there are no gaps in trading.

I just thought it wise to pause and reflect at a higher level from time to time. Looking at things top-down is sometimes healthy, and a wise thing to do. We can sometimes get caught up in the minutiae of the daily flurry of price movements, and lose perspective of the bigger picture unfolding above us.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 29:

To reiterate, there are just a "few" things you have to watch out for, and be "patient" for set-ups to occur. Don't just pull the trigger because you "think" it's time to do so. Wait for bona fide "signals." There are only "four" clues you have to look for: "reading bars," MACD divergence, pivot point breakthroughs/tests/violations, and trendline breakouts. That's it folks. That's all it takes to succeed in this wonderful business called forex trading. No other bells and whistles or toys are required, contrary to what you may have learned before. The hardest part for you will be to "unlearn" everything you knew about trading before. Just give your head a shake, and it will go away.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 30:

Although I have said that there are only four clues that you have to look at for price direction – "bar reading," MACD divergence, pivot points, and trendlines – there is actually a fifth. It's called "price." Price is the number one indicator in the sky. It will tell you where it wants to go. Let it point the way. It's like playing cards. Wait for it to reveal its "hand." You just have to be patient and wait. It's called "following the leader."

Currency Trading Strategy Number 31:

I was asked recently about multiple lots – in other words, buying or selling more than one lot at a time. You can either "load up the boat" at your entry point, or you can go at it one at a time – adding additional lot(s), as price moves through each successive pivot point, as it "reaches" for the end of its range. If you are confident that you are "with the trend," and are using good money management techniques, then there is nothing wrong with taking more position(s) along the way. Or, you can do both – load up to begin with, and buy/sell more, as price progresses through pivot points in its tear to the finish line. Don't bail too soon. Remember, currencies trend well (especially the major trend), and price knows where it wants to go. Let it take you there. Use the "five" indicators – "reading bars," MACD divergence, pivot points, "price," and trendlines – to make your trading decisions.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 32:

Be careful about taking trades in between pivot points. This is NO MAN'S LAND, and dangerous territory. Better trades are made in and around pivot points.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 33:

Make sure to take the time to draw pivot points on your 15 min chart, which should be your main focus. This is like the radar screen in the cockpit of an airplane. It is difficult to trade (fly) without points of reference to look at. You don't need to draw them all. They probably won't all fit anyway. At least have those that are close to price action plotted on the chart. You can also plot lines on the 1 hr and 5 min, but you shouldn't be spending much time there, so it may be a waste of time. But, can't hurt. You should also draw trendlines. Where price breaks a trend at a juncture with a pivot point, this is very powerful evidence that price is going the other way. Plot your MACD divergences. The more you see on the screen, the better your trades will be. Draw a line down the screen (on the chart of course) delineating start of session, and where you got your OHLC from to calculate the pivot points for the current session. I think you get the "point," pardon the _expression.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 34:

Just to re-hash and beat an old drum, the 5 min chart is like the trim tab on a sailboat, for you sailors out there. It is small and insignificant, seemingly, but very powerful as it assists in "steadying" the course. Same too with trading, looking at the 5 min every once in a while will give you some insight into what is happening "underneath" the current 15 min bar that is forming. This is important, especially at the end of a run, where price might be trying to do an "end run" or "sneak attack" in the opposite direction to what you're thinking, while you're not watching, of course. But, like I say, don't dwell in "5 min land" as ex-stock traders are wont to do. They are scalpers by nature, but will very quickly get scalped by the forex, as one of my new customers has recently found out the hard way. He now puts a trade on (with stop in place for sure), and goes to the airport to pick up company, or goes outside to clean the swimming pool – only to come back, and see how much money he has made by not obsessing over every little movement. I'm not saying don't pay attention, but what I am saying is too close is too close. Once you catch the trend, and enter a trade because you saw something in "reading bars," MACD divergence, pivot points, trendlines, or price action, let price steer the course, and "wait patiently" for the next event that will cause you to take action. Of course, that action will be taken again because you saw something in "reading bars," MACD divergence, pivot points, trendlines, or price action. If you don't see anything significant, then DON'T DO ANYTHING. Sit on your hands. Don't press enter whatever you do! Oh, and before I leave this point, with a market maker I recommend, you don't have to leave the 15 minute chart to "peek" at the 5 min chart to see what's going on at that lower level, because they show the tick-by-tick action right on the 15 min chart, as the next 15 min bar is waiting to form.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 35:

I was recently asked how many signals he should wait for before pulling the trigger. As you recall, I earlier said that you should only take direction from "reading bars," MACD divergence, pivot points, trendlines – and price itself. Now, how many of these should fire before you engage your trade? Well, certainly, one is enough to set the tone – but all the more convincing where you have a couple or more all lining up and saying the same thing. For example, recently the Euro was in a downtrend from the session just ending, entering the new session still in a downtrend, when price did a double top at the nearest pivot point as the new session started. Well, there you have three things telling you what to do – go short, of course. We had the downtrend, the double top, and the double top banging its head up against the pivot point. Lots of evidence that price was southward bound. I think you get the point. An analogy here: If you're sitting in your car at home waiting to go to work in the morning, and you are waiting for all the street lights to turn green on the way to work before you start the car, you will never get to work. So, the more green lights the better, but one is enough to get you going.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 36:

And now for some psychology. For you newbies out there, your self-esteem will grow the more trades you make. You will not always be right. You will make mistakes. That's only normal when you are first starting out, and even after you have been at it for a while. Don't beat up on yourself when you fail. Just say to yourself, "Next!" You must move on. If you are using wise money management techniques, like 20-30 pip stops, you will survive to see another trade. This is all about preserving staying power. Don't second-guess your indicators (remember, "reading bars," MACD divergence, pivot points, trendlines, and price). You wouldn't dispute the dials and gauges in a plane, or you'd crash and burn. So, why doubt what your indicators are telling you. You must believe in them, and take "action" when they tell you to do so, BUT ONLY WHEN THEY TELL YOU TO DO SO! Have the courage to do so. And, now for the big one. NEVER LISTEN TO ANYBODY ELSE. TAKE YOUR OWN COUNSEL. CLOSE YOUR EARS WHEN YOU ARE TRADING. IT'S YOU AND YOUR CURRENCY. YOU HAVE NOBODY ELSE TO TURN TO. SO, DO IT. AND, STAY AWAY FROM NEGATIVE PEOPLE. DON'T TALK TO ANYBODY ABOUT THIS BUSINESS, UNLESS THEY ARE AS DEAD SERIOUS ABOUT IT AS YOU ARE. OTHERWISE, THEY WILL DRAG YOU DOWN. AND, BE HUMBLE. SAVE YOUR BRAGGING RIGHTS FOR LATER. THE FOREX WILL TAKE YOU DOWN, IF YOU TRY TO BECOME LARGER THAN LIFE. And, finally, focus on success. Be careful what you think about. Your thoughts will mould your actions and outcomes. If you are committed to the end result being successful, then you will get there. If you are always fearful, that affect your psyche. When you stumble and fail, just pick yourself up, dust yourself off, and get on with it. Don't be intimidated by a mistake, or a wrong decision. You will get better at this, especially if you keep a journal of all your trades, and study it to death. Be a professional. Be prepared.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 37:

I recently had a customer ask me what to do when price had headed north through all the pivot points for quite a run and lots of money in the bank, stalled at R2, and then continued its journey north. Answer: R2 is normally resistance. When price penetrated R2 headed north, and couldn't fall back through R2, R2 became support. It was a buy signal when price decided to continue its trek north. Remember, price is King. It will go where it wants to go. You must follow its lead, even if it already has put in quite a tear in one direction – even beyond its average daily range. It will keep going in that direction if it wants to. Remember, currencies trend well. Don't buy too soon, don't sell too soon. Wait for convincing evidence that it has made up its mind. In this case, price played with R2, but never punched down through it with any sort of notion that it wanted to reverse course. Once it made up its mind to continue the journey north, all you had to do was follow suit. Don't fall prey to oxygen starvation at high altitudes like R2. Trust your indicators. Do what they tell you. This isn't about falling for your gut feel that price has gone "too far" up. It could go even further – a lot further, in this case – if it wants to.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 38:

"The more I practice, the luckier I get." (Wayne Gretzky)

Currency Trading Strategy Number 39:

You should not execute trades, as a general rule, in between pivot points. That area is NO MAN'S LAND. Wait for price to make up its mind on direction at a support or resistance level, supplemented by other indications of price direction – "reading bars," MACD divergence, reaction to pivot point, trendline breakouts.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 40:

Don't use MACD for anything other than divergence. Recently, MACD on the 15 was trending up, leading unsuspecting traders to believe that price was headed north. However, price did a u-e at the main pivot point, and headed south to find the other end of its range at S1. You wouldn't see this sudden shift in MACD, because it is a lagging indicator. So, to summarize, just use MACD for divergence and nothing else.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 41:

You should only take trades in and around pivot points – not in between, as stated previously. When price action centers around a pivot point, then take a look at the five minute to see what's going on behind the scenes. Because, you should have been focused on only the 15 min up to the point of price interaction with the pivot point. Now, you want to pay attention to what price has up its sleeve. In the above example (40), price faked out unsuspecting trades when it trended up through the main pivot point, only to tank as it did a price rejection bar on the 15 min chart. Of course, you wouldn't have seen this coming if you were only looking at the 15 min. You would have seen the price reversal on the 5 min, and been ready to head south with price.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 42:

The absence of divergence between MACD and price simply suggests that MACD is confirming that the price trend is intact. But, don't be fooled by this synergy. Please review strategy number 40 to see what I mean.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 43:

Resistance levels (M3, R1, M4, and R2) are levels (or sell zones) where sellers can be expected to outnumber buyers, and push price lower. Correspondingly, support levels (S2, M1, S1, and M2) are levels (or buy zones) where buyers can be expected to outnumber sellers, and push price higher. These expectations are based on my program's interpretation of buyer/seller interaction in the last session. I think you will agree, after close inspection of the results of my pivot point calculations, that price hesitates, pauses, and decides on its course of action in and around pivot points. That's why you should never enter trades in between pivot points, while price is in transit, and in a state of transition.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 44:

Don't let anybody scare you off the forex by saying it is too risky. It is actually less risky than trading any other market, that is exchange-based. The forex cannot be "engineered," as stocks and commodities can be. Also, being a true seamless 24-hour market, there is less of a chance of your stops not kicking in. That's because the forex is highly liquid, trading ~US$1.5 trillion each and every day. It is the most liquid financial market in the world, bar none. And, you get good fills, with fast execution times.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 45:

On May 23, we have had a rather unusual day, in that price "reached" beyond its average range to put in 135 pips in two hours, just above R2, after starting its climb at the main Pivot Point. The Euro reversed course at the double top, and broke down through R2, to mark the end of its run to achieve its average daily range, or better in this case, within 12 hours of the start of trading for the current session. You would have noticed, of course, that the double top formation was also a "railway tracks" bar formation (if you just happened to have been looking at bars, instead of candles). Those two patterns occurring at the same time are a pretty powerful indication that price has run its course. So, keep your eyes peeled for price patterns per se, but also for combinations of patterns occurring at the same time.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 46:

May 23 was supposed to be an M2/M4 day, given the up-close for the last session. But, the actual range came in at Pivot Point/R2. Trading is "shades of gray" ladies and gentleman. Pivot points are not cast in stone. But, they are usually pretty close.

That day, the combination of Pivot Point and R2 achieved better than the average daily range for the Euro, well within the confines of logic behind my pivot point definitions. The central Pivot Point becomes a buy point (read, support), when it is breached to the upside convincingly, and so it became a reasonable starting point for price to commence its "range-finding mission" for the session. Likewise, R2 is a sell point (read, resistance), and so it was a viable target for selling pressure, as the Euro exhausted its "search" for the end of its range for the session.

The main point in all of this is that the full range for the Euro was achieved within the parameters of the pivot point logic and rules, which is the most important point to get out of all of this. By that I mean that the four pivot points below the middle pivot point are all "buy" candidates, and the four pivot points above the middle pivot point (including R2) are all "sell" possibilities. Achieving the full range, or more than that as was the case May 23, is what it's all about, more so than strictly adhering to the M1/M3 or M2/M4 windows of "buying" and "selling" opportunity.

I hope you are beginning to see the power of pivot points in action. You only buy and sell in and around them – not in between, which is what we call "NO MAN'S LAND." Not the place to enter trades. The only caveat here is where price forms patterns like we saw that day above R2 with the double-top/railway tracks combination. Such a reversal phenomenon, especially with two distinct formations occurring at the same time, cannot be ignored.

But, what is significant here is the fact that this "double whammy" took place after price had penetrated R2 to the upside, which to me looked like an exhaustion area – considering the fact that the last point of resistance had been broken. Then, you look for convincing evidence that price is going to continue its trek north, or do a u-e, as it did in this case, and head south.

There are important lessons to be learned in all of the charts I post at this site. So, please study them carefully. There are parallels, as I am sure you can see, between one session’s price action and that of the previous one. In fact, given the nature of currencies trending well, every day pretty much looks the same, except for different actual ranges and different low and high points (read, iterations of the nine possible pivot point lows and highs).

Price will always determine which set of pivot points it is going to work with, and that is why you always follow price's lead. That's also why I call price the "fifth indicator," and perhaps the most important one of the five I work with. By now, you will have learned more about the other four indicators, as you studied the previous currency trading strategy tips.

Please study the charts I post at this site on a daily basis, as they offer important clues that occur each and every day! If you understand what you see in those charts, you can't help but prosper with your trading on a consistent basis.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 47:

Don’t be greedy. I heard it said recently by one of my clients that he walked away from a session with only 150 pips in his pocket, and left a lot on the table. Boy, for somebody coming from the stock world, as he did, he should been thankful for his catch of the day. The point is, if you start out as a newbie looking to carve out only 20 pips per session, then anything beyond that is gravy, and it will surely come over time.

But, don’t forget the old adage, “Nobody can argue over profits in the bank.” If you see a profit, and want to take it, then do so, and be happy. You’ll live to see another day, and take some more profits. Just don’t always grab for the brass ring. This isn't about always hitting home runs. This is about having staying power, and taking one base at a time. When you have good reason to exit a trade, make your move, and be done with it.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 48:

Former Cleveland Brown's coach, the legendary Paul Brown, taught his football players a systematical/methodical procedure of understanding tasks to attain successful results in face of unforeseen, variable difficulties.

So too with foreign exchange trading. Forex trading requires adherence to a set of currency trading strategy rules, which I have set out at this site.

A wide body of research in behavioral finance shows that traders consider the loss of $1 twice as painful as the pleasure received from a gain of $1. That's why they take more risks to avoid losses than to realize gains. They end up buying high and selling low, contrary to conventional wisdom. Follow my currency trading strategy rules, and you'll avoid getting a closely cropped haircut when the forex tanks on you, as it did May 28.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 49:

I had somebody ask me why I waited until 03:00:00am New York time to make my move, in the mean time missing potential in advance of that timeframe. The answer is quite simple. That is when London trading kicks in, and that is generally the busiest session on the forex. You will notice that is when the Euro usually starts its major trend to find its average daily range of 76 pips. Those pips are usually put in within the first 12 hours of trading. Check it out for yourself. It happens each and every day, over and over again.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 50:

"Ascending Triangle": Price forms higher lows, and looks like somewhat of a horizontal line on top and a rising lower trend line. This formation is normally bullish. You take its height at its highest point, and measure that distance from the upper line to obtain the upside target. If you want to see an example of this type of triangle, please send me a note: [email]prbain@tradingsmarts.com[/email] and reference May 26/03.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 51:

By combining "pivot point readings" with other signals – like divergence, multi-tops, trendline breakouts, triangular patterns, etc. – you can pretty much tell where price is going next. Normally, I would say that you should only enter trades in and around pivot points. But, given the large distances that can sometimes happen between pivot point areas, you then have to be on the lookout for other evidence of future price direction.

Like I keep saying, trading is "shades of gray." Nothing is always black and white in this business. Trading is as much an art as it is a science. That all said and done, when price does encounter a pivot point, you can see that that point has a powerful influence over price. So, always be on the alert for that next point of interaction with the next pivot point, as it will have a distinct bearing on what happens next.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 52:

If you are trying to catch the major trend that unfolds during the London hours, but are afraid of getting your entry point figured out correctly, wait to catch the next entry point, as the Euro "reaches" for its average daily range of 76 pips. The next entry point will occur in and around the next pivot point that price passes through. Or, you may catch price as it tries to retest the pivot point it just went through. That way, you won't run the risk of getting in too early, when the trend tries to unfold in early trading. Sometimes, price fakes you out, and goes in one direction for a while, and then reverses course, before finally picking its direction. My favorite saying is, "He/she who procrastinates wins." What you are giving up, of course, are those initial pips of the trend, which may amount to, say 30 give or take, but you are more sure of capturing the remaining 46, as the major trend of the session matures.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 53:

I would like to remind you that the pivot points above the central "Pivot Point" have a "sell" bias, and the pivot points below the central "Pivot Point" have a buy bias. These biases hold true unless price action turns a pivot point's bias from sell to buy or buy to sell – i.e., from resistance to support or support to resistance.

On June 6, 2003, you would have observed from price action that M3 held its bias, but the pivot points below the central pivot points were turned from buy, or support, points into sell, or resistance, points. Of course, price action determined this.

The other important point to make is that when the major trend reveals itself, as it did on that day (and does every day, within 12 hours of the start of trading for the session), you should think along the lines of the bias. That day's bias in early trading was "short." Meaning, you should have forgotten how to spell the word "long." Scalpers want it both ways, but that doesn't work in the forex – unless, of course, you want a short haircut. I say this because currencies trend well. Don't second-guess the trend until it reverses itself with bona fide signals. In other words, don't sell to soon, and don't buy too soon.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 54:

Keep those trading journals going! If you always trade the way you always traded, you'll always get what you always got.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 55:

There is nothing that says you have to trade often, or even every day. In other markets, most professional traders catch only three to four really great trades a week, if that! Not so with the Forex. Here, the timeframe is more like a day. However, if you don't see any "ironclad" trades, then don't trade. Turn if off and go golfing.

Slow down, and drive the speed limit. This isn't a race. After all, you are in control of the market, not the other way around. Don't feel pressured into doing something you feel uncomfortable about. Wait for those "perfect set-ups" to make your move. Same goes for those "bad-hair days." If you are feeling out of it, sit on your hands, or go do something else. Take charge of your trading life, before it takes charge of you, and your money.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 56:

I often get asked what parameters I use for MACD. I use the standard default settings. They work just fine. After all, all you should be using MACD for is divergence.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 57:

I have said it before that you should only trade in and around pivot points. The only exception to that rule is if you see a trendline breakout or a bar pattern, like price rejection, that gives a clear signal that price is about to reverse course. If price is in between pivot points, and you are not sure what to do, don't do anything! If there's nothing to do, don't do it. Patience is the hardest thing to master in the forex, or any market for that matter.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 58:

The major trend for the Euro usually starts revealing itself as the London hours kick in. Up to that point, price may "bait and switch" you into thinking it is going one way, when in fact it is setting up to go the other way. It can easily fake you out, before the London hours start to unfold. So, be patient and wait. Look for clues coming out of the previous session as to where price might be going ultimately. Did you see a "head and shoulders" pattern? Did you see a triangle pattern? Do you see price trending in any one direction over a period of time. Do you see any divergence in MACD (on the 1 hr and 15 min charts)? Do you see any channels, where price is looking to break either way? Play Sherlock Holmes. A little bit of detective work will go along way before you dive into the new session. Like the Boy Scouts say, "Be prepared!" Be in charge of your trading. Put your emotions in your hip pocket, and save them for later. Run your trading as if you were running a "bricks and mortar" business. Same principles and rules apply. No different. This is not about betting and gambling. This is serious business. After all, your hard-earned money is at stake. Protect it at all costs.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 59:

I have people asking me all the time why I don't post my trades in real time, or why they can't call me while I am involved in my own trading activities. The answer is quite simple. This page is dedicated to my belief in the old adage: "Give a man a fish, and feed him for a day - teach him how to fish, and feed him for a lifetime!"

Plus, it would be very stressful and time consuming for me to take time away from my own work (and quiet time) to interact with a discussion forum. I am sure you will understand my position on this. I have customers in over 30 countries, and it would be a nightmare for me to react to each and every nuance that came along. A chat room is in our business plan, but at this writing, I don't have any idea of when that might happen. When it does, I will certainly give you lots of advance warning.

I teach people how to fish. I don't give them the fish. I can remember when I first learned how to trade. I had my mentor sitting right by my side each and every step of the way. Then one day he upped and moved, and changed cities. He actually moved to a remote and secluded island to get away from city life. Nice move for him, but it left me in a state of panic. How could I possibly survive on my own? I can tell you, ladies and gentleman, that I really learned how to trade when I had to do it on my own, and those were real drops of sweat rolling down from my forehead all over my face.

This is about you and the market, and you mastering your innermost psyche. Anybody can learn to trade the forex my way. But, what will get you every time is that little inner voice doubting your every move. And, then there's fear and greed that will bite you real hard too. It's the psychology of your mind that you must master. You must become disciplined and patient to a fault. You must react only to bona fide signals, that I teach here. Otherwise, you would be better off heading out to your local casino, and taking your chances there.

The forex is not about gambling. It is about running a business, where there will be gains and losses. Your every effort and constant struggle should be to get a grip on those times when price goes against you. You are in charge. You can get the upper hand on price by trading "smartly," and using good money management techniques, that I also teach here. You won't win every time. But, with my system, you should come out ahead seven out of 10 times. The trick is to limit your losses to small ones, and let your profits soar.

Getting back to going solo without an instructor at your side during each and every step of the way, I recall a friend of mine telling me how he learned to fly. After several practice flights with his instructor in the cockpit with him, they landed back at the airfield, and the instructor turned to Pal and said, "Now, it's your turn to take it up. I'm getting out. You're on your own buddy." Talk about anxiety and stress. Well, Pal took off and landed all by his little 'ole lonesome. But, he was pale and his knees were knocking when he got out of the plane back at home base. He has soloed ever since. It's his passion now. There's something about being able to do it yourself, without a partner holding your hand all the time. It's called "confidence boosting." If you can fly or trade by yourself successfully, there probably isn't anything else in life you couldn't do equally as well. Actually, Navy pilots who land on aircraft carriers make the best traders. But, that's another story for another time.

I can tell you my friend learned more about flying in that one solo session than he did all the times his instructor went up with him. Same with trading. You can do it. Just believe it so. Dedicate yourself to becoming a master at it. Analyze, read, study, think. Ask questions. There is no such thing as a stupid question. Become passionate about your trading. Don't think of it as a get-rich-quick scheme. Do it because you love it. Do it as if you would do it anyway, even if you weren't making money. There has to be an element of fun in it for you. If it's all work, and no play, well you know the answer to that one.

Don't get me wrong. I am here to answer your questions whenever you need my help. I am dedicated to your success, and your happy times with your family. Nothing would give me greater pleasure than to get an e-mail from you telling me how this has turned your life around, and that you are now happily making money trading the forex my way.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 60:

Don't get hung up on reading bars when you think you have caught the major trend. Once the trend is unfolding, you then look for a place to enter - around a pivot point. You look to reading bars to signal a change in the direction of the major trend.

A double top in a downtrend means nothing. A double bottom does. So, a price rejection bar or double bottom in a major downtrend would signal a short-term reversal, and that's all. But, once you see the major trend unfolding – say, on the short side – you pretend you don't know how to spell the word long. Stick with the overall major trend that is unfolding.

These comments relate specifically to the beginning hours of London trading, which is when the major trend reveals itself.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 61:

You need to get to the point where, when you look at a chart without any visual aids, you see indications as to where price is going. This has to become "second nature." At that point, you can trade with ease. And, your stress level will go down, because you will be in control of the market, not the other way around. This only comes with practice, day after day. This takes patience, and staying power. You must hang in there until you get it. Winners never quit; quitters never win.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 62:

At first, if you are fearful, don't trade until you see what you consider to be an ironclad set-up that you are familiar with – an easy one. That may mean waiting out a session or two, but that's okay. There's no rush. I find with some people they seem to have to prove something to themselves or someone else. Some people think they have to scalp all day long for some reason that is beyond me. After all, you are in control. Take your time. Relax. Enjoy it. Sooner or later, you will see a bona fide set-up that you recognize, and bingo you're in. When in doubt, do nothing. When there is no doubt, do something, do anything – pull the trigger.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 63:

Unfortunately, you will not always get all the signals you need to pull the trigger. After all, this is as much an art as it is a science. You cannot always be 100% sure that you are doing the right thing. If you wait forever to get all your ducks lined up, you may wait a long time. My favorite analogy goes something like this: Pretend you are sitting in your garage at home wanting to go to work, but you are waiting for all the street lights along the way to turn green before you pull out of the driveway. Guess what folks? You'll never get to work. Same with trading. Sometimes, you just have to make an educated guess (based on the currency trading strategy recommendations contained at this site) and go with it. You won't always be right, but this isn't about being right. It is about making a decision, sticking with it, and reversing course if you have to. Accept getting stopped out as God's way of kicking you to a higher level. Just one more step to success.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 64:

Thanks to Tom for this: There are two choices to be made – LONG or SHORT when a certain point in the session(M1, S1, R2, Pivot ... etc.) is reached. The BASIC rule is BUY (go long) below the pivot in the S1, S2, M1, M3 zone and SELL (go short) above the pivot in the Zone R1, R2, M2, M4. Obviously it isn’t as simple as this and other indicators such as MACD divergence, reading bars, trends, and patterns all add to the question LONG or SHORT. Bang on Tom! Way to go!

Currency Trading Strategy Number 65:

I have said previously that you should make your buy/sell decisions around pivot points. However, for example, if price is meandering in between pivot points and then does a double top, that would lead me to believe that price is going down. So, there are times when you would want to make your move before waiting for a pivot point to be hit. Of course, there's nothing wrong with waiting for price to do so and then reacting.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 66:

Thanks to Harry for this one: He indicated that I sometimes refer to "price rejection." And, what does that mean. It simply means that a price reversal bar has formed, causing the bar in the middle to have a higher high than the bars on either side of it. The price bar in the middle is essentially a key reversal bar. And, what you have is a "swing change." That is, price is reversing course, and heading south. The same holds true when price is reversing and heading north. You then have the bar in the middle of the three-bar pattern with a lower low than the two on either side, and the one in the middle is the key reversal bar.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 67:

Repetition is the key to success in any endeavor in life, including trading the forex. The more you practice trade, the more you trade real money, the better you get. You just have to keep at it - over and over and over again. Persistence is the key. You're bound to get better at something if you do in constantly and don't quit. Don't let the market psyche you out. When you have a down day, just treat it as experience. Lessons learned. But, try to learn from your mistakes. Keep those journals going. If it's not written, it doesn't exist.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 68:

I get the impression that some of you are not paying enough attention to trendlines. They are very powerful. Price WILL change direction when it breaks the trend, regardless of what other indicators may be telling you. So, draw them, and let them be your guide. REMINDER: In an uptrend, as we saw June 25/03, as long as the trendline holds, buy the dips. In a downtrend, sell the rallies. In an uptrend, don't look to go short EVER! In a downtrend, don't look to go long EVER! Plain and simple.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 69:

Thanks to Stu G. for this one. I have been harping on using MACD only for divergence. But, Stu is right. I do on occasion, as I did June 26th/03, use MACD to confirm the trend. If the price trend has been consistently down over a period of time, then it could very well be that when price tries to go counter-trend, it may just be a retracement or a temporary move in the opposite direction. I usually like to stick with the major trend. In a downtrend, sell the rallies; in an uptrend, buy the dips.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 70:

I was asked by some of my readership what happened Friday, June 27, with all the wide-range bars on the 15-min chart. That was a tough day to trade, even for seasoned professionals. Lots of whip-sawing. Lots of stops got taken out. Trading patterns were dominated by end-of-quarter positioning. A good day to stand clear. So, be prepared for the next end-of-quarter, and the one after that, and the one after that, etc. Mark those dates on your calendar. Trading is as much about being organized and prepared, as it is about being good at it.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 71:

Marathon runners have only one thing on their mind when they are running – to cross the finish line. They NEVER look back. Same too with trading. You should focus on surviving for the long haul. Sure, you will stumble and fall. But, just pick yourself up, just yourself off, and carry on. Winners never quit, and quitters never win.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 72:

Beware of holiday situations like the long July 4th weekend. Trading tends to be thin, and it is difficult to produce meaningful pivot points. Best to just go golfing, and forget about it. There's nothing that says you have to trade every day. Get a life.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 73:

If you are having trouble with your entry points, I suggest you try waiting until you see a hammer or a spinning top, and then pull the trigger. You may wait a long time, but at least you will be sure of getting a good entry point, as these particular candles are powerful precursors to a shift in price direction. Have a look at any chart and see how many of these candlesticks you can pick out. You might be surprised at how many there are. For more information on these bar formations, please read my August, 2003 edition of my newsletter: [url]www.tradingsmarts.com/newsletter0803.htm[/url] Obviously, if you click on that link after August 1, 2003 the newsletter will be there. Before then, it won't.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 74:

I just returned from a meeting with a group of young traders who have been at the forex for the past two and a half months. They are making steady progress, and I am extremely proud of them. I thought I would pass along their observations that may prove helpful to your own trading. They have backed off short-term trading, and are more into position trading the forex – using a longer timeframe – taking cues from the 1 hour chart. They also believe that signals that occur on that chart are more powerful than those on the 15 min. For example, a signal on the 1 hour would have more weight than an indication on the 15 min. Basically, what they are saying is that you should wait on a trade for confirmation on the 1 hour chart before pulling the trigger, unless of course you see an ironclad setup on the 15 min chart. Trading is shades of gray ladies and gentlemen. These ideas are working for them. That doesn't mean to say you can't experiment on your own. If you do and find something that works for you, please let me know, and I'll share it with the rest of the gang.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 75:

Clarification re Aug. 22/03 chart, thanks to Bill: Bill quite rightly pointed out in the chart for August 22/03 that there were hammers at 3:01 and between 5:01 and 6:01 that didn't take. My answer to him was that such a candle should be complemented by some other indication of a shift in price direction. For example, in the cases he cited above, price did not break the down trendlines - so, in effect, the hammers' supposed effect was nullified. To conclude, bar formations that should signal a change in price direction should be accompanied by other signals, including pivot points. In other words, what happens to price around a pivot point when you see a hammer? Does the pivot point support what the candle is saying? Thanks Bill for this.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 76:

I was recently asked where one could find volume figures for a currency. None of the popular sites carry it. Nor is it necessary as the Forex is a very liquid market. Volume is somewhat redundant anyway in that regard. You just need to use technical analysis to trade the Forex.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 77:

Pay attention to that news. I had been calling for an advance in the euro and Swiss franc and, sure enough, they both popped on bad unemployment news in the U.S. September 5, 2003. News is not noise in the Forex.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 78:

There are “talking” bulls and bears and there are “real” bulls and bears. The real ones are reflected in volume and open interest. But, these numbers are not available for inter-bank currency trading. However, they are reported for futures markets, which represent a good proxy for sentiment because they are primarily a vehicle for speculation.

Turning points in currency markets often coincide with extremes in open interest levels, which represent extremes in speculation. The key here is to watch for extreme levels and extreme changes in both open interest and volume to signal a possible change in trend.

Open interest numbers are of little use intraday. However, knowledge of a change in trend or extreme speculation in a particular currency based on open interest and volume can be valuable information for any trader in any time frame. That’s where an understanding of how COT works can improve your chances of detecting the underlying bias to a particular FX currency based on its futures counterpart, and anticipating its next move.

As at September 2/03, the commercial traders were extremely long with their net futures positions on the euro FX and the Swiss franc FX, versus the funds, which were extremely short. When you see such extreme divergence between these two camps, you know that price will probably follow the commercial traders’ lead.

The euro FX and Swiss franc FX represented good position trades to the long side at that time. A good buy-and-hold situation for position traders. Sure enough on September 5/03 we had bad unemployment numbers coming out of the U.S., and both currencies popped. Who could have guessed?

Currency Trading Strategy Number 79:

I think there is a misconception out there that you have to trade only the 15 min chart. You can also trade off the 1 hr and daily charts. It just lengthens the cycle. For example, when I called the euro and Swiss franc to rise, you could have taken a position on the daily chart and rode it up. That's all I'm saying. Likewise, you can wait to take a position until you see a valid entry point on the 1 hr chart. Etc.

Currency Trading Strategy Number 80:

For newbie traders, it is probably best to steer clear of Mondays, the day after a holiday weekend and end-of-quarters where there is a lot of position squaring going on.

Of course, there’s more to be learned about currency trading strategy in my original book on trading and the two e-books on trading the forex – available only at currency trading strategy You automatically get all three when you order at that link. If you are reading this page, you probably already have these books, and are reaping the benefits.

十年来见过的期货“高手”和他们的下场!

十年来见过的期货“高手”和他们的下场!

1.入市的启蒙老师:1995年我入市是他当的培训教师,某期货公司的市场部经理,硕士学位,据他说曾在日经指数,恒生指数,东京红小豆上赚过上百亿!是 他将现在的技术分析理论从国外引进中国的,那本约翰墨菲的书翻译时他功劳不小。他一直对我们说郑州绿豆对他来说是小菜一碟。只是后来深圳公安局把他抓走 了,罪名是诈骗犯,但据他女友讲其实只是用对敲方法从一客户账上偷了50万元!10年了,不知他现在在干什么?
2.公司老总:我进的第一家期货公司的老总,年约当时40多岁,据他当时自我介绍在恒生指数上赚了1000多万,公司开办费就是恒生指数上赚的钱。公司红 火时,他一个月收入就100多万元,每天没有田鸡他是吃不下饭的!后来,郑州绿豆9509合约逼仓,一下子亏跑了大多数客户,他也去地摊吃饭了,再后来他 与客户对赌交易,大多数客户钱赔光又走了一批,剩下不多客户他还是对赌,没想到客户们一次差不多都做对了,他这一下子赔光了,就卷着客户钱跑了,法院立案 找不着他这个被告,至今仍无下落。
3.公司副总吕某,年轻的很,当时才21岁,但口气很大,扬言五年内将产生中国的索罗斯,其舅舅据说是中央某大机构高官。但在公司时间不长,原因是交易上 只做过一次(记得做的是9607郑绿豆,46000/张买的,进去后时运不好,第二天郑交所风险提示公告一出,连续半月跌势,让个170万的客户只剩下 25000元),公司老总礼貌地把他送走了,据听说现在是某省外贸厅处长!
4.张分析师:这可是个海归派,分析行情时中洋文并用,神气活现的很,有一次亲眼所见他用手机在与华尔街一洋人聊,所以我当时最佩服的人就是他!一段时间 内,我把开发来的四个客户交给他交易,他给我保证可以稳定的获利,每月10%,复利增值,把我高兴的屁颠屁颠的!但是实际情况不是他说那样,反而是稳定的 亏损,两个月下来50%以上的钱没了,我再也不敢让他交易下去了,他那套止损理论我是怕极了,张分析师97年就离开期市又出国了!
5.经纪人小张,当时刚大学毕业,人挺聪明,老爹是化工厂退休工人,开个付食批另部,小张一来公司就是投资顾问,投资顾问就是经纪人的意思。他的女友的哥 哥是他开发的客户,投入了30万,小张很自信,自称是均线派,但操作5个多月很不理想,30万只剩下不到1万,女友的哥哥翻脸了,他老爹为保住儿媳,把个 付食批另部也转让卖了还债。从此小张离开期市,到他父亲的工厂上班去了,现在是这个企业的分厂付厂长了!
6.老林:大学讲师,原是公司聘请的培训教师,后来任公司市场部经理,这可是技术分析十八般武艺都会的人,一位二汽销售公司的科长慕名委托他理财,交给他 50万,他交易了几次,由于不顺手就不做了,自己说自己胆量不行!现在在某证券公司当分析师,但他决不自己买卖股票。他老婆有一次话说多了告诉我:你们这 行,真正挣钱的是我们老林这种人!
7.小路:92年开始炒股,94年入期市,到98年为止共带过大约20多个客户,大的资金有几十万,最少的也不低于5万,但都是与客户不欢而散,到98年 他已开发不来客户了,98年夏收麦后,他将家里卖麦的1.5万元拿来自己操作,赔光后不得不离开市场回家了。其实挺可惜的,小路人挺好,记得随机指标 KDJ的基础上,他创造了JMA,是防范指标失效时使用的,如果到现在,肯定算是知识产权或者交易系统了,当时大家也说很好,可不知为什么他没用好?99 年去旅游路过他老家县城,见他在路边摆个卖西瓜摊,我看到他那样心里很不好受,就想装着没看见躲过去,谁知这时一小孩吃他西瓜给钱少了,他掂刀追那小孩硬 与我们撞了个面对面。
8.韩东方:原是做药材生意的,这人是老总在大街搞宣传开发来的客户,入市时带一大黑提包现金一下子交给公司120万元,牛的很!老总亲自给他当经纪人, 短线每天不下五个来回,用他自己的话:直线永比曲线距离短。他相信一天只挣1%,一年就是三倍,长线不一定行。但一年以后,他已经没多少钱了,他赔了 700多万,最后也成了经纪人,他学习很好,有次他还对绿豆合约完善搞了个设计寄给了郑交所,郑交所有关领导亲自找他约谈,另外他对技术分析也很精通,量 价关系有独到见解。他在这个市场上一直坚持干到03年,最后真没办法了,连吃饭都成了问题。04年过了春节以后到现在再也看不到他了。
9.老程,安徽亳州人,入市时也是几十万,两个多月赔完后成为经纪人,为把女房东开发成客户,采用了先用女房东发展暧昧关系后拉其当客户的办法,女房东投 了5万元,后来他也赔光了。前前后后十几个客户都是女的,他真有这方面的本事!02年老程离开期市,去年我看到他在大街十字口拉三轮车。
10.徐庶:这是他的外号,表明这个人是多么聪明!95年入市一个5万元客户他带了4年,硬是赚了10万元!但进入本世纪后开始走下坡路,他另一个客户3万元,他坚持做了3年,还有1.2万元,水平还是可以的,他04年离开期市,与老婆合伙去开了一个小饭馆!
11.大老田:我进的第二家期货营业部的副总,此人与当时市场上赫赫有名的庄家"郑州三红"(张少鸿赵运宏王栓红)是朋友,郑州绿豆9509合约逼仓时, 我当时还没去他所在的营业部,但他在8月31日来到我当时所在的营业部,我们公司有几个人被套了580张单,眼看要进入交割月但连续3天涨停板(扩板 50%)继续封死,我们是出不来了,公司已通知我们加钱到保证金50%,以便进入交割月看有没有机会砍仓。此时大老田出现,仗义地给赵运宏打电话,几句哥 们长短的话语后,老田说赵运宏持有6000张多单,看在朋友的份上,同意与我们的580张空单协议平仓。下午,郑交所通知我们的持仓已平出,把我们几个人 高兴的掉泪,当天请老田好好吃喝了一通。(后来才知道根本不是那回事,实际上郑交所当天在强行平仓,我们谁也不找也会在收市前被强平的)。我当时赔了17 万,但这个斩仓过程,让我感谢老田,不久,我们几个人都跑到老田的营业部开户去了。老田营业部的正总是个大老粗乡巴老,只因为做生意发了财在老田鼓动下开 了这个二级代理性质的营业部,这个正总特别能炒,自己炒亏了拿客户偷着炒,到我们知道时,我们自己的保证金都取不出来了。老田与他合伙炒,也有很大责任。 这个营业部就这样倒闭了,我有10多万元至今也没讨回来!老田呢,后来被郑州公安来人给带走了,以后再没听到他的消息。
12.黄百万:就是老田的正总,做生意发财了,人称黄百万。他在老田的鼓动下开了个二级营业部,营业部倒闭后,他改换姓名与上海一家期货公司联系,又在外 地开了一家二级营业部,他老婆任副总(对外不说是他老婆),这个夫妻店开了不到半年,最红火时交易量经常上交易所的排行榜,老黄对外许诺月息3%集资,把 当初一些和他做过生意的人拉来,筹了上千万元,但没办法,最后老黄自己说:***,钱全变成让交易所弄走了。老黄是以非法集资罪和诈骗罪被逮的,现在还在 服刑期间。
13.说个女英雄,原是挺不错的女孩,在期市的诱惑下放弃军工企业办公室打字员的工作来当了经纪人,她开发客户能力很强,第一个客户是某地级市**驻深圳 办事处副主任,这个副主任投了20万,没多久让她赔光了,副主任在营业部找事,甚至脱下皮鞋要打她,后来不知怎么摆平的,两人又和好了,有一次她不小心从 随身小包中掉出一封信被我们拣到了,信是那个副主任写给她的,说爱她爱到骨头里!这女的现在还在做期货,反正发现他似乎不愁客源,下单挺猛的,01年大豆 上一周赚过几十万,但不到一周又吐回去再倒赔几十万。我认为她有本事在期市上继续生存。
14.再说一个女的,原是个下单员,后来就忍不住诱惑当了经纪人。她在做下单员时认识几个大户,当了经纪人后就把这几个大户当成他的消息来源,刚开始挣了 一些钱,就自己开了个户,听说做的挺顺的,在交易所对面一个楼上包了个房间炒期货,每天吃饭都是酒店送,她这样干了好几年,有了私家车。但是,02年夏天 突然听说她在外地跳楼自杀了,我们感到很奇怪,像她这样的富婆怎么会自杀呢?再后来又听说是黑社会讨债团伙逼死她的。
15.说个牛皮大王,此人号称"期林天霸",其实狗屁都不是。他无学无术,不知怎么也混到期市来了,到处吹牛说自己有如何如何高的交易手段,甚至跑到大街 上文印店让人家帮他造假结算单,借此吹嘘去开发客户,此人最大的能耐是无中生有,自己租间50元/月民房,对外吹住在某四星级宾馆,刚开始糊弄了两个客 户,凭着他吹的优化的KDJ指标交易,盈少赔多,最后让这两个客户赔的净光,一个客户是实实在在地修理了他一顿!但此人挺有能耐,现在还在市场上呆着,还 在到处海吹拉客户,还在吹那谁也没见过的交易成绩,只知道他每天只吃两顿饭,营业部经理见到他就发愁,不拿工资经纪人又不能赶他走。我们见他都躲的远远 的,把他看做神经病!
16.范记者:是个30多岁的中年汉子,据说是某小报记者,与我同一时间入的期货培训班,这人悟性极好,入市后不慌不忙,认真研究K线图,酒田战法出口成 章,大概入市两个月后才开始交易,记得他头一次交易前,在交易厅对我们宣布:郑绿豆5911已形成一标准的上升旗形,理论测算可能要上涨2000点。他果 然按此交易的,结果5万元一周内成了13.8万元,周末他请我们吃饭,趾高气昂的很,自称K派大师,并说:"都说期市没有常胜将军,不对!我就是常胜将 军"。公司老总聘请他给大家讲课,又给了他个市场部副经理职位。他后来失败在96年6月中旬,原因也是大力做多,但6月13日郑交所的只允许多头平仓不允 许开新仓的风险公告,他被套牢半个来月,后来只剩不到1万元割肉出来,他临走时告诉我们:同志们,一定要见好就收,这里不是常待的地方。
17.姚老师:是某中学语文教师,智商高的很,平时我们两人关系最好。他最得意的是97年9月上旬,郑绿豆冲上了54000/张高位,北京绿豆冲上了 60000/张高位,市场多头气氛极浓,期评家一致看郑豆要上56000/张,京豆要上63000/张,可以肯定说当时散户中已没有空头了,但是,9月8 日这天当郑豆冲至54080/吨时,姚老师却做了空单,结果他摸到了历史最高价,这成了他的见人就吹的杰作,但是,随后的6000点大跌他没坚持下来,只 挣了1000点就落袋为安了。后来在跌倒48000/吨时,期价盘整了一个来月,他开始做多了,但不久郑豆又开始一跌,又跌了5000点,他将盈利吐出又 赔了一点。他离开市场时说:这期货根本没规律,纯粹就是赌场。
18.孟浩然:听名字你就知道,这人具有诗人般气质,但实际上只是个中专毕业,是一家速冻食品厂文员。他是被好友拉来期市,听了两堂课就上瘾了,投入5万 元,委托一个经纪人给他做,那个经纪人给他赔了4000多元,他十分生气大骂经纪人无能,于是辞掉工作自己亲自做,他对RSI指标情有独钟,他最得意时一 天挣过7000元,他全身心投入,他最爱炒短线,自称短线侠客,资金忽大忽小,但总体是不断缩水的。他暴过两次仓,第三次他投入最多是10万元,全是亲戚 朋友处借来的,他在我们当中最有名的名言是:"这个市场不能没有我"!但是,当他又快没钱时"醒悟"地告诉我们:"期货不能炒短线"!他是怀着恋恋不舍的 心情离开期市的。
19.蒋某,是某市政协机关的小车司机,老婆长的很有姿色。他是委托一个经纪人做,10万投资,这个经纪人曾给他变成24万元,他觉得这期货不错,就让老 婆跟着这个经纪人学做期货,后来这个经纪人做赔了,又变成1.6万元,这个经纪人以各种市场理由推卸责任,他老婆也帮着这个经纪人说情,他就加了4万元又 让这个经纪人做,当这5万多元快赔光时,这个经纪人带着他老婆跑了,弄的他人财两空。
20.姚老弟:是个一腔热血的东北青年,特别关心时事政冶,平时我们没事就听他讲大道理。大概是自己没钱,他一直做经纪人,做单挺认真的,记得他第一个客 户只3万元,他在头半个月内,平均以每天盈利600元的水平让我们羡慕。他失败在一旦套住决不"止损",终于让这3万元变成了9000元,第一个客户就这 样不干了。这以后他接受教训学会了"止损",但"止损"使他越止越瘦,第二个客户的5万元由于几次"止损"也变成不到1万元。他反复研究,认为他是严格进 行按纪律操作的,技术上并没有犯什么大错呀?他后来又带了几个客户,又用"锁仓"办法操作,但解仓又成了问题,这又成为失败原因。再后来他"套利"做,却 往往套反,他十分苦恼。后来杨老师(后文会提到)点拨他几次,他似乎明白错在哪了,但为时已晚,他开发不来客户了,只好去干汽车销售业务了,他说他还会重 回期市上来的!
前面我讲了20个在期货上败走麦城的人的事例,有人会问,难道就没有成功者的事例吗?说我是不是有意在冷落现在期货人的心?那好吧,我就再在茫茫期海中大海寻针般找出几个事例,让大家高兴高兴,支撑一下继续在期市上混下去的信心。
21.张少鸿的表弟:记得是96年吧,在其表兄影响下也来到了期市,人家可是有绝对可靠的内幕消息的人士,入市时当天一下做了50张多单,然后就持仓不动了,直到涨了8000点时才潇洒地平仓脱手,大概赚了40多万元,本利全部取出离开营业部,从此没有听到他的消息。
22.阎某,原在郑州三元期货公司当客户,后来赔光成了另一家公司的经纪人,情况也一直不太好。但他有个特长,就是最擅长请客吃饭,一顿饭3000元连眼 皮都不眨一下,一次在郑州索非亚国际饭店请某个机构的一个操盘手吃饭,连带请小姐当晚化了快两万,从此交上了这个操盘手朋友。这位操盘手朋友告诉他,纪律 太严不可能一直对他讲太多,只能讲个一两次,他表示这已足够了。记得是张少鸿与邓伟对阵的那段时间,小阎一次急急忙忙赶回老家,到处借钱又卖了房子,凑了 50万元回来了。他跑到另一公司开户,然后满仓操作,这么一波行情下来赚了400多万。然后也是将钱全部取出,永远不来期市了。
23.吴老弟:此老弟是一家营业部员工,负责电脑维护工作,有时需要时,经理也派他去场内当一下出市代表(红马甲)。他们的席位与浙江中大期货公司的席位 不远,00年浙江徐xx在小麦上坐庄,用的就是浙江中大的席位。小吴知道这个情况后,就背着自己的营业部在另一家营业部开了个户头,他的交易方向与徐xx 完全一致,1200多元/吨入货,到1600元左右/吨才平,200张单3个月赚了80万元,恐怕庄家徐xx也没有这样好的成绩。他取钱后也是不干了,临 走时他说:"期市是个掏一桶金的地方,我达到目标,该走啦"!
上面举这三个例子,你可能会说他们都是消息派,难道我们技术派就没有吗?好吧,我也举两个例子吧!
24.杨老师:前些时在某个论坛上发表过文章,这人也是大起大落,据我所知,他在绿豆上赔过大钱,赔的在98年到99年有一段时间离开了期市,到股市上去 了。他99年又来到期市,但已是组合投资了,就是期货.股票.外汇同时都在做。他99年重来期市只入金了2万元,他的操作方法是自己有个TJ图(挺保密的 始终不对任何人讲),资金管理上他是"四四二"原则(这点他倒讲了),即40%资金入市交易,40%用于防风险时刻准备另一方向交易(有点像套利但又不 是),20%则是为了防止资金朝另一方向交易时不够用时使用的。反正他这几年赚了多少钱我不清楚。我只知道他有三个客户跟着他做,03年天胶行情,他的这 几个客户都赚了5倍多。他有一次对我说:"从目前情况看,这个市场想把我们洗出来,可能性已不大了"!
25.王某:由于也还在期市,我不便提他名。他在期市上也是大起大落,95年曾在绿豆上被套2500多点,恼了,砍仓带反手,不仅把亏损补回来,又赚了 20多万元。最有钱时挥金如土,穷困时跑去一果园当果农挣了1万元又来到期市,这几年终于稳定下来了,听说与朋友合作发明了个中国特色的指标,也是密不传 人,只限他带的客户跟着他做。他擅长做小麦,他认为小麦是市场中最小风险的品种,不会做小麦的其它品种肯定做不好。从他已拥有私家车的情况来看,他在期市 上是赚了钱的。
zt我所见过的死的最快的期货投机者
老李,45岁,某高校图书馆管理员,拿自己3个月的薪水在我的帐户操作(4500圆),12月31开始,作多,翻滚操作2003年1月3号,他的资金是 28800,7号开户,9号满仓买进a0309,成交价是2680,13号收到追加保证金,未砍,未缴,14号继续被通知,依然不砍,不缴,公司强行平部 分,15号继续通知,继续没有任何动作,公司继续强行全部平仓,现在资金:1330。
我做了7年的期货,第一次看见了生命期仅仅8天的人,看来,发生什么事都是难料啊。。。。。
我见到死的最快的
97年吧,具体价格记不清楚了
就是f705连续涨板扩板后来扩5板不涨反跌那次
5万的户,两天,倒欠期货公司11万6千多
我这儿一个客户上个礼拜某一天,上午10万,超仓500手,下午就玩完。
还有快的,也许是最快的了
,是94年的事,记不清姓啥了,是个做股票的中年人
5万元开户,把钱拿给经理了,做在那看盘,等着小出纳点钱,填开户表,(说自己好久不写字了,请出纳按身份正填,完了他签名)。
看了几眼,说啥时可以进场作单,经理说,钱到了,现在就可以,他就买了几手,然后、、、、、、、、盘子就跌板。2分钟左右,出纳钱还没查完,亏56000元。走人

327事件中,有人看到327暴跌,跟着放空319,不想327不算,319却算。8分钟暴仓!
风-无生 21:11:21
吾一友,小平同志归去那天,做海南,得知消息追空,手法熟练,在跌板上10元追上,心里高兴,谁知半小时后跌板打开,速至涨停,伊手法依旧熟练,平空翻 多,于涨停全线反手,终于安心,谁知半小时不到,涨停打开,复至跌停,虽然心慌,但伊手法熟练如故,心道不需紧张,总有机会,反仓完毕,涨停再现,只好斩 仓,仍是手法熟练,但气短心慌。至收盘结算,30余万东流去,此君仰天长谈:“小平啊!您走的太早了”!
94年,北京绿豆
我公司一客户10万
一天时间爆仓
没超仓
当日涨停到跌停又到涨停再到跌停
保证金5%

外汇投资10年经验谈

外汇投资10年经验谈
  
从1993年接触国际市场保证金(margin)交易以来,无论是否有条件进行交易,笔者都被其跌宕起伏的独特的魅力所吸引,不断进行跟踪和研究;现将自已积累的一些经验教训总结如下:
  A.炒汇两大基本守则:
  1.顺势而为
  “有风好借力”,汇市中的丰厚盈利,无一不是顺势而为的结果,“追涨杀跌”是正确的投机方法。
  2.严守止蚀纪律
  每当出现重大亏损时,无一不是逆势+不止蚀造成的恶果,人非圣贤,看错市是常有的事,能让资金脱离险境的就是止蚀盘。
  B.其它一些经验之谈
  以技术走势为导向,不太理会基本面和消息面的变化
  汇市每天有很多消息评论和各种数据,做为业余投资者实在无暇也无需去关注这些资料,只需跟根据货币的技术走势来制定投资策略,因为技术分析派认为技术走势已包含了一切基本面和各种消息、各种因素对货币的综合影响,货币的走势决定了一切。
  注重中期投资,不必沉迷短线进出
  业余投资者时间精力有限,应以做中期(几周到几个月)投资为主,减少短线出入,思想压力也不会过重。尽管纽约汇市最动荡起伏,业余投资者仍无需熬夜。只要订下止蚀盘,就可以放心睡大觉。
  可做逆市盘的两种情况
  1.仅在重大阻力位前小试逆市盘,破位则止蚀,有盈利要适时平仓,不可贪,因汇价调整之后极可能会卷土重来。
  2.在一个升(跌)浪的末期,市场已疯狂,人人皆看升(跌),此时逆市应宁迟勿早,等明显的见底信号出现后再入市,避免过早入市被止蚀盘扫出局。
  不迷信央行干预行动的作用
  央行的干预行动并不总是灵验的,典型的如1994-1995年度,日本央行多次干预,未能阻止日元的强劲升势,还给投机者不断制造逢低买进日元的良机。强大的市场投机力量永远是第一位的,央行的干预心理作用大于实际作用,具体情况要结合技术走势来做分析。
  央行干预永远是对的
  央行是不会随便干预市场的。只有当某种货币过度升(贬)值时,央行才会出手干预;央行的干预给我们发出了警告信号,历史经验多次证明:长线来说央行的 干预都是正确的,但短线而言,市场常常逆央行行为而动,越干预越涨(跌);对干预行动的长线和短线效应必须有一个清醒的认识。
  不可简单理解利空利多消息
  闻利好就买升,闻利空就买跌,十分危险。对于突发性的消息,市场反映比较按常规;对市场早已预期的消息,往往是利好兑现就跌,利空兑现就升,反其道而行之;笔者反对业余投资者炒消息市,还是应以技术走势为主。
  牛皮市不入,静待其突破后跟进
  不少人喜欢在牛皮市中高沽低揸赚点小钱。但牛皮市的突破后升(跌)浪的利润更丰厚且风险更小,故笔者主张牛皮市不入,静待其突破后跟进,轻松赚顺风钱为上策。
  手风不顺时需停止交易休息反省
  状态不佳时离开汇市是最聪明的选择,“不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中”。
  获利盘可长时间持有而套牢盘不可长抓
  套牢盘持有太久影响正常投资心态和投资计划,应尽早平仓出局,重新再来。
  永不锁仓
  做错就止蚀离场,锁仓是自欺欺人的把戏;有“解锁”的精力,做几单盈利单为好。
  摘要:
  瑞郎定律:对欧洲货币来说:1.由瑞朗领涨的上涨是有力度的上涨。2.由瑞郎领跌的下跌是有力度的下跌。
  瑞士法郎是重要的风向标
  瑞士法郎是真可谓是美元的“死对头”,当其兑美元较其它欧洲货币为强时,美元后市极可能下跌,反之亦然,尤其是在牛皮市中,屡试不爽
  瑞郎定律:对欧洲货币来说:1.由瑞朗领涨的上涨是有力度的上涨。2.由瑞郎领跌的下跌是有力度的下跌。3.瑞朗疲弱的上涨是反弹行情。4.瑞朗坚挺的下跌下跌幅度将有限。5.牛皮盘局中瑞朗的强弱暗示着盘局的突破方向。
  建议新手开始以加元等二线货币为主,取得经验再做一线货币
  二线货币波幅较小,不象一线货币风高浪急,适合新手炒做。
  有疑虑就平仓出局
  当对走势感到迷惑时,不要犹豫,出局观望是明智之举
  尽量减少交易次数,不打无把握之仗。做多错多,有信心才入市。
  炒汇不必太“勤劳”,每日进进出出的,做多错多才是真理;有把握和信心才入市。
  科学合理运用资金,逆市盘宜轻仓。顺势盘也只有等到已获利时才可加仓;套牢盘决不加仓。
  孤注一掷的交易方式伴随着灭顶之灾,为智者所不取,稳扎稳打,方可在汇市的风浪中屹立不倒。
  追买强势货币,追沽弱势货币
  同一时间各种货币走势有强有弱,选择强势货币买入,选择弱势货币沽出。
  市场永远是对的,错的是自己
  不要埋怨市场“没理由……”,它永远是对的,亏钱是市场惩罚我们,赚钱是市场奖励我们,错的永远是我们自己。

2008年9月22日星期一

从百年美股十熊看A股18年历次底部构筑

在本轮上证指数由2007年10月16日的6124点重挫至今,跌幅深达70%以上,众多的机构投资者亦均困惑A股的底部到底何在,或是将以何方式 形成。我们的初步观点是:如果有明显的事实显示中国A股整体的盈利能力同比和环比重新步入增长期,那市场的终极底部形成的趋势将会早晚明确成立。如果A股 整体盈利没有步入新的上升通道,那不管中国的经济数据显示它是否是走L形,或其他的指标在全流通完成之前,对A股基本上不会形成多少方向性的指导。

  我们判断,在未来的一段时间内,中国经济会是一个宽松式的慢升发展。资本市场会走一个较大的宽松形态的U型(情绪性恐慌结束,本能性底部形成) 底部,再走出一个W型(经济在震荡中好转恢复,重新向上扩展的事实,企业盈余利润恢复同比和环比成长)的base on top of base(基于最坚固的基础)的形态。至于现在,考虑指数跌到哪个具体的位置范围预测意义不大(这在任何一次股灾中都意义不大),任何点位都有可能。回顾 美股这个全球最大也是最流通化的市场过去100年的发展历史,以及中国过去18年A股的发展中历次大熊市的底部构筑,也许有利于对A股本轮熊市股灾所需的 时间和结束的形态上有个较为充分的心理准备。

  美国百年金融史之十大熊市如何结束(指数跌幅超过40%为基准):

  这里我们将精选实战对比美股上世纪百年十大熊市的底部形态和时间,以及与其对比的中国A股已经发生过熊市的底部状况。

  此前先简单回顾本次金融风暴前美股最近一次大崩盘(图1),这是美股在本世纪伊始发生的在过去100多年中仅次于上世纪1929年大股灾。

  开始日:2000年3月7日

  结束日:2002年10月8日

  熊市历经:950天左右(31个月)

  纳斯达克指数终极顶点:5133

  纳斯达克指数终极低点:1108

  百分比跌幅:-78%

  上世纪美股的熊市次序按照其恐怖程度从小到大来排列:

  股灾NO.10:

  大萧条的后遗症

  1932~1933年:作为1929年美股超级牛市大崩盘触底后第一个实质性的反弹开始后的再次下跌,是熊市转牛后的一个恐慌。然而,与其说是 恐慌,还不如说是大萧条的后遗症在继续干扰大众的信心。当时道指由1932年的40点反弹到1933年的80点,指数反弹了100%,再次大幅度下跌到 50点左右回稳向上。1933年熊市所构筑的底部消耗了3个月,但是如果从1929~1932年这个大熊市来看,不算其下跌过程的时间,只采用到最低点后 从新开始主升通道确认开始,也就是终极底部的构筑消耗了整整10个月的时间,道指才重新进入了一个长期的安全区域内。如果以1929年终极顶点的熊市开始 到结束,跌幅达近90%,耗时33个月,而最终确认牛市开始还要再等13个月。

  股灾NO.9:

  一战结束前夕

  开始日:1916年11月21日

  结束日:1917年12月19日

  熊市历经:393天左右(13个月)

  道琼斯指数终极顶点:110

  道琼斯指数终极低点:66

  百分比跌幅:-40%

  如果20世纪30年代听上去是一个很远时代的故事,那我们还要再看看恐怖系数排名美股大崩盘史上第九的1917年。这是在第一次世界大战结束的 前夕,当时道指的跌幅高达40%,如果1916年买入1000美元单位的指数基金,到1917年它只有600美元了。如果你继续持守这个部位的话,要等指 数上涨67%才能回本到1000美元。不计算跌到底部的时间,从最低点到进入正式反弹区域、确认新上升通道,消耗了3个月的时间;整个熊市从高位到新牛市 的确认,消耗了13个月。

  股灾NO.8:

  石油危机下和越战下的大崩盘

  开始日:1973年1月11日

  结束日:1974年12月06日

  熊市历经:694天左右(23个月)

  道琼斯指数终极顶点:1052

  道琼斯指数终极低点:578

  百分比跌幅:-45%

  这是另一个长时间的熊市,经历过那段艰难时间的投资者都还记得石油危机、水门事件和越南战争,这场恐怖的熊市持续了694天才结束,一大批当时 的股市精英和抄底银行家被破产清出市场。如果不计算跌到底部的时间,从最低点到进入正式反弹区域、确认新上升通道,消耗了3个月的时间;整个熊市从高位到 新牛市确认,消耗了26个月。

  股灾NO.7:

  100年前的绞肉机

  开始日:1901年6月17日

  结束日:1903年11月9日

  熊市历经:875天左右(29个月)

  道琼斯指数终极顶点:57

  道琼斯指数终极低点:31

  百分比跌幅:-46%

  这是美国投资策略有限公司数据库中指数纪录最早的数据,因为在1900年之前道琼斯指数是没有记录和使用的。因此,我们恰如其分地称之为最古老 的股市大崩盘毫不为过。这个20世纪初指数创建后有史以来的第一个大熊市,是100年前金融市场上的绞肉机,当时位于纽约的投机客不少来自于英国和欧洲。 如果不计算跌到底部的时间,从最低点到进入正式反弹区域确认新上升通道,消耗了3个月的时间;整个熊市从高位到新牛市确认,消耗了32个月。顺便说一句, 道指创建后第一个15年的走势和A股上证指数早期很相似。

  股灾NO.6:

  一战后的大熊市却是

  美国进入超级大国的前夜

  开始日:1919年11月3日

  结束日:1921年8月24日

  熊市历经:660天左右(23个月)

  道琼斯指数终极顶点:120

  道琼斯指数终极低点:64

  百分比跌幅:-47%

  这场熊市起始于第一次世界大战结束,欧洲战时需求大幅度降低,战后繁荣让美股着实火了一把,股价平均上升了51%。但一战结束后,美国国内企业 盈利成长性开始放慢和下滑,导致随后的2年熊市。不计算跌到底部的时间,从最低点到进入正式反弹区域、确认新上升通道,消耗了3个月的时间;整个熊市从高 位到新牛市确认,消耗了26个月。而1921年第四季开始,美股竟然由当时的新科技成长产业领军进入了史无前例的8年大牛市,让美国经济在整个20年代突 飞猛进,取代英国成为世界最新超级大国。这就是我们称之为金融主导产业实体经济高速发展下的“轰鸣二十”,这点与70年后美国的网络信息科技产业革命和中 国1998~2007年高速发展很类似。

  股灾NO.5:

  “1929大萧条”的开始

  开始日:1929年9月3日

  结束日:1929年11月13日

  熊市历经:71天左右(2.5个月)

  道琼斯指数终极顶点:381

  道琼斯指数终极低点:199

  百分比跌幅:-47%

  虽然这是目前我们看到急速下跌式熊市中最短的崩盘(无独有偶,2000年3~5月,纳斯达克指数也出现了为期3个月、不到40%的跌幅),但这样的走势(图2)是一种足以让众多利用杠杆透支交易的股神们多次破产和致命的暴跌,当时华尔街盛行的是自杀风。

  华尔街当时三位最成功的金融大亨均为独立操作的独行侠:李佛摩尔、巴鲁其和老肯尼迪(肯尼迪总统的父亲,也是美国第一届证监会主席和美国证券法 制定者)全是空头仓位的大熊(还不计算他们在“轰鸣二十”中牛市做多部分的盈利),单是做空股票就让“伟大的李佛摩尔”在两半月的空头部位中赚到超过1亿 美元的利润,将他的人生推到无限风光在险峰的最高位置。这位躲在位于纽约最豪华写字楼第五大道735号皇冠大厦顶层操盘室的独行侠,以电话指挥超过50家 券商为他分仓下单交易,前无古人也后无来者。

  而在李佛摩尔狂掠的同时,几乎有一半的钱在两个月的急速下跌中消失殆尽。如果是杠杆式交易法则,瞬息的损失可以是本金几倍以上的负资产,而资金 断裂的连锁性停损卖单,轻而易举地把几乎当时所有的炒作集团在几天内打倒破产。这种崩盘的后果往往最能摧毁大多数人的信心。这次股灾从现在来说,就是我们 知道的“1929大萧条”的开始。


  股灾NO.4:

  旧金山地震成为恐慌的推手

  开始日:1906年1月19日

  结束日:1907年11月15日

  熊市历经:665天左右(23个月)

  道琼斯指数终极顶点:76

  道琼斯指数终极低点:39

  百分比跌幅:-49%

  这场股灾被历史称为“1907年大恐慌”,当时“百年美股第一人”李佛摩尔时年整30岁,靠恐慌前空头部位大量做空“太平洋联合铁路”股赚到人 生第一个100万美元,他名扬资本市场的30年从那此开始。大恐慌发生后,华尔街上根本看不到现金,股价不是跌停,而是无论跌到什么价位都没人愿意拿钱来 买。JP摩根是美国金融业的巨子和勇者,勇者就是在暴风雨后第一位敢于站出来以个人力量挽救金融资本市场,避免了纽约证券交易所差点关门歇业。

  1907年的大恐慌,最终以美国财政部买入3600万美元的政府债券,为市场注入现金流动性而结束了股灾。这也是美国政府第一次直接出面以现金 注入救市,也就是我们今天一旦进入下跌后,经济学家立马对媒体津津乐道的“政府应该有责任直接救市”的原始来源(不过他们从来不懂政府只能救急,而无法救 穷)。虽然1906年初旧金山大地震诱发了本次股灾,但真正的原因却是指数在过去的两年中急速上涨了150%。不计算跌到底部的时间,从最低点到进入正式 反弹区域确认新上升通道,消耗了3个月的时间;整个熊市从高位到新牛市确认,消耗了25个月。股灾NO.3:

  连环熊市中的熊市A

  开始日:1937年3月10日

  结束日:1938年3月31日

  熊市历经:386天左右(13个月)

  道琼斯指数终极顶点:194

  道琼斯指数终极低点:99

  百分比跌幅:-49%

  投资者刚刚从1929大萧条的近8年股灾中恢复点信心,以为指数会继续努力地爬向早些年前创下的高点时,天有不测风云,市场传来的是欧洲陷入大 规模战争,亚洲的日本挑起战火,屋漏偏逢多雨时,华尔街还不断传出丑闻,指数在短短的13个月内急跌到大萧条经济开始复苏后的一半,真是辛辛苦苦五六年, 一年回到牛市前。

  不计算跌到底部的时间,从最低点到进入正式反弹区域确认新上升通道,消耗了3个月的时间;整个熊市从高位到新牛市确认,消耗了15个月(图 3)。但这个急速的下跌过程和底部并不扎实,所以新开始的牛市只维持了1年多左右,在1939年9月开始到1942年5月的长达2年半的宽幅振荡下跌熊 市,指数从155点跌到93点,这就是恐怖系数位列第八的熊市。

  股灾NO.2:

  最长且连环的熊市(包含熊市A)

  开始日:1937年3月10日

  结束日:1942年4月28日

  熊市历经:1875天左右(61个月)

  道琼斯指数终极顶点:196

  道琼斯指数终极低点:93

  百分比跌幅:-53%

  虽然这次大崩盘恐怖系数位列股灾第二,却是十大股灾中最具杀伤力的一次(图3)。它用了5年的时间才恢复了新牛市的上升通道,来收复原有的崩溃和损失,期间还经历了二战美国参战的“珍珠港事件”,当时整个亚洲和欧洲已经战火蔓延。

  我们可以看到美股的熊市起始于欧洲二战之前,结束于美国正式参战后4个月。如果不计算跌到底部的时间,从最低点到进入正式反弹区域确认新上升通 道,消耗了3~6个月的时间;整个熊市从高位到新牛市确认,消耗了65个月。这是个股灾里面套股灾,崩盘里面套崩盘,恐慌之中套恐慌,熊市里面套熊市的行 情。这也是美国人民从来没有经历过的极乐到极悲的年代。大量不懂怎么卖出股票的投资者、银行家、做市商和投资机构,就在这样的金融绞肉机市场中破产出局, 永无翻身的机会。

  这就是1929年超级大股灾发生后底部不可预测性和难以预测性的危险所在,估计现在你也已经彻底明白了大股灾后任何预测底部和近期走势都是异想天开的愚蠢之举。

  股灾NO.1:

  22岁时的错误得等到47岁才能收回成本

  开始日:1930年4月17日

  结束日:1932年7月8日

  熊市历经:813天左右(27个月)

  道琼斯指数终极顶点:294

  道琼斯指数终极低点:41

  百分比跌幅:-86%

  这是一场曾经让我们祖父辈失去一切资产的大股灾(图4),当时90%以上的华尔街银行家永久性彻底破产。在这个历时813天的“绞肉机”中,投 资者平均最少损失了86%的资产,这个崩盘是1929年9月的接续,补跌造成了随之而来的大萧条,前期没有下跌被扛住的蓝筹股快速巨幅补跌,抄底者迅速被 市场掀翻在地,变成彻底的“无产者”。

  如果你当时22岁,在1929年9月3日有1000美元的股票资产,到1932年7月8日股灾结束日那天,就只剩下108美元了。想要恢复到 1000美元的资产吗?当然可以,得耐心地等待25年,那可是1954年的事情了,或许你的头发已经白了1/3,而你儿子的儿子也出世了。因为指数要努力 地爬升9.5倍或上涨950%,才能让你解套,我们还没有计算25年中物价上升带来的通货膨胀货币贬值损失。这仅仅是你22岁时候错误的选择在47岁时候 能够收回的成本。

  谁也不能保证你在1929~1932年间买入的套牢股票,长期持有25年后它们是否还是伟大的企业,谁在乎呢?江山代有人才出,资本市场也一 样,大崩盘后脱颖而出的都是1929年前鲜为人知的新企业,产品和技术市场占有率高速发展,股票在过去的熊市中没有压力下的套牢盘,这些中型企业成为推动 市场领导板块中的领导股。

  “股圣”的头部

  就是大熊市的标准

  我们见到了美国2000年大牛市最终结束转入大熊市,先倒下的是新科“股王”——年内上涨了45倍的高通;而最后倒下的是连续成长了10年,涨 幅度高达78000倍的股圣“思科”,它从分股后1990年的0.01多美元每股计算,涨到2000年3月的82美元一股。而思科的真正下跌是在美股 2000年大熊市启动6个月后才开始的。在我们的美股百年数据库中,每轮牛市结束后能够维持高价股龙头的概率连1‰都不到。过去20年中继续维持股价成长 的股票几乎没有了,但这些股票代表的公司依然是大企业。这其中包括思科、微软、高通和英特尔,股价和2000年时相比1/3都不到,而雅虎连1/6的股价 都不到,还有不少过去的英雄公司现在已经退市消失不见了。历史证明大熊市的特征就是没有股王和股圣,王和圣的头部就是熊市的标准。死抱着过去“股圣”的结 果就是巨幅利润成炮灰、本金成股灰。

  我们经过对美国这个成熟资本市场120年中所有的大小熊市分析后得出的结论,只有0.1%概率的股票能够在连续几个牛熊交替的行情中依然创出新 高,成为“领导股”中的成长之王。在过去108年中,道琼斯30指数中只有GE通用电气一直在榜,就是说108年中,如果你的指数选股是买入不动,那选对 的可能性也就只有3.3%的概率。2000年9月,纳斯达克指数在4250点,思科终于从近70美元的价格一路崩跌到2002年10月的8美元,纳斯达克 指数跌至1100点。

  我们建议投资者不要对过去牛市的龙头股抱有任何幻想,这样的崩溃事实上就是漫长熊市才进入开始阶段的标志。不猜测指数低点来作波段,不抄底,不买过去大幅度下跌后所谓便宜的价值龙头股。最坚挺牛股一旦于熊市的初级阶段跌破超过50%~60%,绝不考虑买入。

  “最后的强势股”下跌是好现象

  目前,中国A股市场开始显示了最后的强势股下跌,这种现象是好事,也就是我们所说的大熊市在进入最后一个阶段下跌的序幕拉开了。熊市真正的惨烈不是头部和中段,而在尾声。

  经过我们的研究,通常指数跌过60%以上的大熊市,都会有超过3~4个较大幅度的下跌,而最后两个大幅度下跌从点数绝对值上与刚开始下跌比较是 小的,但从百分比下跌幅度来说是大的,这主要是因为期间最牛的强势股开始崩塌。还记得2003~2004年“德隆三驾马车”吗?

  我们现在正是最惨烈的行情阶段:没有成交量,指数不反弹,大跌暴跌后的指标股就是很低的P/E,股价依然是温水煮青蛙,往日的明星基金经理最终被最后的强势股在指数跌倒接近底部的时候崩塌而精神疲惫不堪,每次抄底都被套……这些都是每次大熊市中都会出现的症状。

  我们在2000年8月看到了美国上轮大牛市“股圣”思科的陨落,这个过程是在纳斯达克牛市结束、进入熊市6个月后才拉开序幕。因此,我们看到中 国A股的贵州茅台这只最后100元面值之上的大幅下跌,也就再次印证了大熊市下并没有真正的硬挺英雄。大熊市和股灾最终会无一例外地摧毁所有强势股和股 王,中国船舶和中国平安已经说明了这点。-(待续)

  (本文作者迈克?吴为上海鑫狮资产管理有限公司总裁;约翰?史密斯John Smith为美国投资策略有限公司研发部总裁)

证券研究行业的昨天、今天和明天

正文:

1934年, 本杰明·格雷厄姆的不朽著作《证券分析》(Securities Analysis)第一版正式出版,宣告证券研究从一门荒诞不经的江湖手艺,转化成了一门拥有科学标准的正规行业。《证券分析》一书此后修改了四次,但目 前最流行的仍是1934年的所谓“经典第一版”。虽然这本书中涉及的绝大部分定价模型都已经失效,但其根本立足点被完整地继承了下来:证券研究的目的是通 过对财务报表的研究以及对未来经营情况的预测,找出被市场低估的证券,并推荐投资者买入和持有;与此相反,那些被市场高估的证券则应该被剔除在投资组合之 外,甚至是被卖空。

与大多数中国投资者想象的不同,华尔街的证券研究从一开始就不包括技术分析(Technical Analysis)。技术分析只在19世纪末到20世纪初的一段很短的时间内流行过,并且在《证券分析》第一版的序言里就遭到了格雷厄姆的无情批判。格雷 厄姆的著作从根本上瓦解了技术分析,直接导致它被淘汰出了历史舞台。今天,在华尔街的确仍然有人画技术图表,但他们的人数只是基本面分析师的百分之一左 右,而且在江恩逝世之后,从来没有一个分析师是因为分析技术图表而成名的。华尔街当然也重视所谓的“技术信息”(Technical Information),但那是指短期内的供给需求、成交量等市场因素,对这些因素的分析根本不属于研究部门,而属于交易部门。

此后的二十多年是乏善可陈的,因为美国大股灾结束之后用了二十五年才恢复原先的高点。在1950-1960年代的大牛市行情中,中小投资者进入了市 场(多半是通过Merrill Lynch或类似的零售经纪机构),股票和债券的投资者基础被骤然放大了,所有的投资者都需要信息。于是,许多第三方研究机构诞生了,他们如同今天中国的 股评家或证券分析网络一样,提供着大量千奇百怪、经不起推敲的研究报告,有的是根据扎实的基本面研究,有的则是对未来信息的捕风捉影。大型的投资银行和基 金都有自己的研究部门,但他们离市场的中心很远——附带说一句,这种情况是正常的。当一个分析师离市场太近的时候,他就无法做出冷静独立的判断了。

1970年代之前,证券分析仍然是一个乱糟糟的行业,虽然已经有了切实可靠的定价模型和高素质的从业人员,但这个行业太零碎了,缺乏大机构的力量。 但是在著名的“五月日”(May Day)之后,监管部门允许投资银行和经纪公司在交易业务上展开激烈的价格战,交易与经纪费用一降再降,机构投资者在选择交易商的问题上也越来越挑剔了。 这样一个发生在交易业务上的重大变革,竟然直接促进了研究业务的发展壮大,恐怕是任何人都没有预测到的。理由很简单:既然大型投资银行必须与中小经纪公司 争夺有限的交易业务,那么怎样才能体现大型银行的优势呢?除了为投资者提供更小的价差(Bid-Ask Spread, or Bid-Offer Spread)之外,恐怕只有研究报告最能体现一家公司的个性了。

于是,研究部门居然成为了投资银行销售与交易(Sales and Trading)部门最有力的支持者,如果没有这个部门,许多交易员和销售人员恐怕根本拉不到任何业务。共同基金、对冲基金和养老基金自己的研究人员是有 限的,它们在很大程度上依赖卖方研究人员提供最新消息、对利润的预测以及与上市公司领导层接触的机会。久而久之,买方和卖方的研究部门都发生了显著的质 变,一个越来越倾向于决策——也就是最终做出买进或卖出的决定,另一个则越来越倾向于支持——也就是为决策提供一切准备工作。现代证券分析行业的格局就这 样形成了,此后虽然有一系列调整,却并未伤筋动骨。

除了握有资金的买方分析师和握有关系的卖方分析师之外,还存在着一种经常被忽视的分析师,即所谓“第三方研究机构”的分析师。在2000年之前,这 类机构中最著名的有标准普尔(Standard & Poor's),穆迪(Moody's)和费奇(Fitch),即所谓“三大评级机构”;此外,晨星(Morningstar)和Lipper也是不可小 视的力量,它们的主要任务是对共同基金进行评级。证券评级听起来是一项非常神圣的工作,实际上却被一系列死板的模型控制着,评级分析师根本不像买方或卖方 一样具有预测和创造的激情,他们的任务只是保证事情不要变的更糟糕而已。至于基金评级,对于糊弄中小投资者来说已经够用了,但对真正的大投资者来说,根本 无须相信,也不可能相信。结果,所有评级机构的待遇都比较低,无法招募到真正出色的人才,而且被视为一个死气沉沉的行业。

但是,自从2000年网络股泡沫破灭、2001年安然破产和2002年世界通信破产之后,卖方分析师已经变的声名狼藉。其实每个机构投资者都知道, 投资银行分析师与银行家狼狈为奸、互相吹捧已经不是一天两天了,只是没有预料到事情会变的如此糟糕。此后直到2006年,卖方研究部门一直笼罩在司法调查 和行业自律的重拳打击之下,只要粗略地看一看SEC的处罚简报就知道,许多企图操纵分析师的银行家或者企图从银行家口袋里拿钱的分析师都得到了应有的惩 罚。在丑闻曝光之后,买方突然恐惧地发现,他们已经找不到值得信赖的人了。即使卖方研究部门还能恢复元气,谁能保证他们不再骗人呢?另外一个不容争议的事 实是,今天的卖方分析师的水平比十年前大有下降,原因很简单:如果一个刚刚从商学院毕业的年轻人在两三年内成为位高权重的分析师,整天被上市公司老板们灌 着米汤,并接受着“为了达到目的可以不择手段”的教育,你能够相信他说的任何一句话吗?

一些真正优秀的分析师离开了卖方,成立了新的第三方研究机构。这些机构不以评级为目的,他们只是受雇于客户,独立客观地撰写研究报告,然后建议客户 “买进”“持有”或“卖出”。他们的薪酬不依赖于银行家的承销收入或交易员的交易佣金,仅仅依赖于自己判断的正确性。某些规模较小的买方或卖方也成立了类 似的研究部门,它们的收支完全独立,例如Stanford C.Bernstain和Prudential Equity Research就是其中的翘楚。作为一家资产管理公司,Bernstain从第三方研究中赚取的数字相当惊人,在不久的将来,或许它真的将转行成为一家 独立研究机构。

尽管如此,诚实的第三方研究仍然是偏少的,所以买方内部共享研究成果的事例越来越多。买方分析师发现,他们自己召开聚会获得的新信息,甚至可以超过 与卖方开会获得的信息;一些研究能力极强的基金可以用研究报告换取别的基金在某些业务上的忠诚合作,或者干脆直接收钱。不过,买方之间的合作有一个难以逾 越的瓶颈,那就是他们的人数实在太少了。一个管理100亿美元股票、债券和货币市场工具的资产配置基金,可能总共只拥有五到十名全职分析师(基金经理除 外),还比不上任何一家中型投资银行一个行业小组的人数。即使买方有足够的人手,与上市公司直接建立联系也不是一件容易的事情(而且这件事情很烦人)。

现在我们可以看的比较清楚了:买方、卖方和第三方的研究部门各有各的优点和弱点。买方的优点是他们掌握着绝大部分的资金和最终客户,而且他们的利润 几乎完全依赖于投资决策的好坏,所以他们的分析师异常谨慎,水平往往高于卖方;但是,买方的人数之少使他们不可能独立完成任务,如果他们真的独立完成了任 务,成本也是惊人的。卖方的优点在于他们与上市公司长期建立起来的深厚联系,而且他们拥有充足的人手,其研究部门和交易部门在一定程度上可以互相增加价值 (与投资银行部的互动已经被法律禁止了);但是,卖方研究部门没有自己的收入来源,既然他们要依靠交易部门支付工资,那就不可能保证独立性。第三方看似具 备了完全的独立性,但是其人员素质良莠不齐,而且不可否认的是他们的总人数相当少,至今仍不是一支真正可以依赖的力量。

十年或二十年之后的证券研究行业将是什么样子的?我想,唯一可以肯定的结论是:现存秩序不可能继续维持下去。以卖方分析师为骨架的证券研究秩序仅仅 是1970年代以后华尔街变革的结果,而另一次变革早已于2002年开始。至于今后第三方机构究竟能否成为主流,买方分析师能否变的更加活跃,或者说卖方 分析师作为一个整体还能否继续存在下去——我只能说,都是一些难解的谜题。如果谁真能预测到确定的未来,那么他一定将成为传奇人物了。


THE END

一个奶业工人的实心话

我不想再忍了,我所知道的奶业内幕!!!!!
我所学的专业是乳品工艺,刚毕业曾在某国内老大级乳业集团工作。职位——收奶员。
这几天的三--鹿事件,沸沸扬扬。其实在我看来,没什么奇怪的,事情总是要被揭穿的,只不过是时间问题,以及是哪一家企业成为那个撞上枪口的倒霉蛋。三聚氰胺————冰山的一角。也许这个事件就要告下一个段落,也许仅仅是个序幕的开始……
离职的员工到处去说原来公司的“坏话”,这个员工一定个没有道德的人。曾经我也是这么认为的,可最近我的想法变了,一个知道内情而不去告诉别人,眼看着别人吃亏上当的人,那才是个彻底道德败坏的人。
离职后,我没喝过一滴奶
我先讲一下,收奶的过程。奶农的牛奶由当地附近村镇的奶站化验收集,按品质高低,分等级付给奶农钱。品质的指标不外乎PH值,蛋白质,干物质这几项。然后 由奶站(当然了奶站是私人老板的)用罐装车混装后运到工厂,然后由工厂取样化验,测算指标同样按品质高低,分等级付给奶站钱。不知道大家看没看出来,想没 想到这种操作模式会出现什么问题有人说了,不是“天然牧场”“工业化收集吗” 有,的确有。但是我只能说:兄弟,你很傻,很天真
奶农想多赚钱怎么办呢简单啊,掺水啊。那掺水指标降低就卖不上好价了怎么办简单啊掺****啊。奶站想多赚钱怎么办呢??简单啊……。奶站的奶是从各个散 户收来混装到罐车的,有一家的突然变质了,怎么办啊,全车都倒了吗? 几十吨一罐的奶,蛋白质低了怎么办干物质低了怎么办?PH值低了怎么办?有的牛病了打过抗生素怎么办?有的牛催奶打激素怎么办?
话说回来了,奶农那点小计量能瞒奶站吗奶站那点小九九能瞒工厂吗如果我说,奶站不知情,工厂不知情。都是“不法奶农”干的坏事,全国人民要把矛头指向他们批判。那我可就真的,很傻,很天真。
我们从来不拒收奶,因为我们知道,一件东西是要充分利用的,这样才能取得最大的价值,获得最大的利润。我们分罐储藏。最好的奶,供到车间做酸奶(发酵型酸 奶或搅拌型酸奶),因为不是好奶做不出来。其次,做纯牛奶,高钙奶之类的。再差的奶做花色奶即花生奶,早餐奶等。还有那些发酸的奶怎么办呢,当然不能倒 了,做酸性乳饮料,就是广告狂哄乱炸的,女人小孩都喝的***。这是本公司最大的利润所在,一盒奶的成本,还没有哪个包装盒值钱。还有那种臭的熏人的奶怎 么办呢,简单,做冰激凌味道最好。还有那些又臭成粘稠状的怎么办呢,做奶粉。当然这叫工业粉,它有它的用途,不是装袋子就上市场的。
我们有全球最大最先进的立体式仓库,媒体都赞扬过,可是你就没想想这快速消费品,生产出来就要卖的,搞那么大仓库什么用?酸性乳饮料越存放味道越好。那有 人问了,生产日期怎么办?简单啊,提前打一个月,你也许不信吧,因为在你心中那是小黑工厂做的事。 那又有人问了,市场上卖的岂不是过期奶? 我就这么告诉你吧,你手中那盒奶就是过期一周了,你喝也没问题。因为你所卖的奶是UHT超高温灭菌液态奶。
关于UHT超高温灭乳到底有没有营养,我不想再说了,因为这个涉及到某人在某年为中国提出的一个口号,我们正向这个口号迈进,别管你喝的是什么奶,反正是牛奶。
有个广告,中国某企业已经是这种超高温灭菌乳全球产销量第一,难道是那些乳业发达国家真的比不上我们了吗其实是人家不生产这种乳品了。这笑话有点冷是吧。
那有人说了,我们以后喝高端奶吧,广告都说想过有品位的生活就和那种奶。是啊,那奶是贵啊,贵的东西就好啊,那奶蛋白质高啊,高,实在是高,这一点澳大利亚人都服我们啊。
我就不相信地球上的奶牛能挤出那么高蛋白质的奶……
此言一出,某些专家就会来“辟谣”又得列出一套数据理论,来“引导”大家。
是啊,我嘴没人家的大,钱更没人家拿的多……
还有很多关键的还是不说为好,知道了对大家谁都不好。生活是美好的。
真实案例看三--鹿奶粉背后的恐怖的行业潜规则
目前闹得沸沸扬扬的三--鹿奶粉事件,作为一个可能的知情者和懂点化学的人,我也来谈谈我的观点:
1、媒体也好,厂家也好,国*家质量监督也好,还是在忽悠大家,为什么我敢这么说,因为三聚氰氨根本不可能直接加入牛奶中,三聚氰氨的市场售价并不低,奶 农不可能不计成本的提高浓度,其次,三聚氰氨水溶性较差,要想完全溶于牛奶比较麻烦;那为什么媒体,厂家,国*家质量监督要异口同声的说是不法之徒加入了 三聚氰氨,其实就是为为了掩盖一个更可怕的问题,那就是加入的其他毒性更大的东西,说穿了就是尿素,尿素作为一种便宜的农家化肥,真是经济实惠的“好添加 剂”。
2、为什么要加尿素,因为各乳品公司收购鲜奶,测试的标准主要是奶的蛋白质含量,说穿了就是氮的含量,尿素作为一种最普遍的氮肥,由于它独特的分子结构,记得好象是两个氮分子配个什么我忘了,氮的含量当然高了,混入奶中,提高氮浓度,价格自然也卖得高了;
3、尿素怎么转化为三聚氰氨的,很简单,奶粉的生产过程就是将鲜奶放在封闭的环境高温环境下,然后采取喷雾的方式直接转化成粉状就成了奶粉,而尿素在高温下会产生变化,生成三聚氰氨,OK,有毒的奶粉就这样生成了。
最后,我在谈谈我怎么知道这些内幕的,前几年,是01年还是02年,我记不大清楚了,在办理一件带黑社--会性质的案件时,他们主要罪状之一就是把持我市 某区的牛奶收购市场,长期以次冲好,我们在办案中就了解到,他们在牛奶中加入尿素、少量食用油,然后加大量水(良心好的加自来水,不好的就直接加池塘或者 田里的水),最后用专用的搅拌机进行搅拌,一批蛋白质浓度高的鲜奶诞生了,但最后几个犯罪分子都翻供,说他们这种做法是普遍的,并不是他们发明的,后来我 们专门去天友了解,确实如此,他们对牛奶收购中出现的这些问题根本没有比较有效的检测措施或者是因为收购站点太多,没有精力和金钱来负担这么大的检测开 销,所以对广大奶农的行为基本采取的是默认的态度,而且据在天友的了解,这种现象在全国的乳制品行业是普遍的,只要存在向奶农收购牛奶,就普遍存在次类现 象,所以三--鹿事件的发生就是必然的,而且这次三--鹿出了事,全国其他所有奶制品企业都保持沉默,没有一家跳出来指责,什么原因大家看了我的帖应该心 里有数了吧,最后弱弱的问大家一句,这样的牛奶你们敢喝吗?
  中国的潜规则黑幕太多了,各行各业都有,怎么办?
标签: 奶业 实心话

2008年9月21日星期日

Learning To Trade: The Psychology Of Expertise

Thu, 12 Apr 2007 16:40:33 MDT | Written by Brett N. Steenbarger

Learning to Trade: The Psychology of Expertise


When people hear that I am an active trader and a professional psychologist, they naturally want to hear about techniques for mastering emotions in trading. That is an important topic to be sure, and later in this article I will even have a few things to say about it. But there is much more to psychology and trading than “trading psychology”, and that is the ground I hope to cover here. Specifically, I would like to address a surprisingly neglected question: How does one gain expertise as a trader?

It turns out that there are two broad answers to this question, focusing upon quantitative and qualitative insights into the markets. We can dub these research expertise and pattern-recognition expertise, respectively. These perspectives are much more than academic, theoretical issues. How we view knowledge and learning in the markets will shape the strategies we employ and—quite likely—the results we will obtain. In this article, I will summarize these two positions and then offer a third, unique perspective that draws upon recent research in the psychology of learning. I believe this third perspective, based on implicit learning, has important, practical implications for our development as traders.

Developing Expertise Through Research

The research answer to our question says that we gain trading expertise by performing superior research. We collect a database of market behavior and then we research variables (or combinations of variables) that are significantly associated with future price trends. This is the way of mechanical trading systems, as in the trading strategies developed with TradeStation and the systems featured on the www.futurestruth.com site. We become expert, the mechanical system trader would argue, by building a better mousetrap: finding the system with the lowest drawdown, least risk, greatest profit, etc.

A variation of the research answer can be seen in traders who rely on data-mining strategies. The data-miner questions whether there can be a single system appropriate for all markets or for all time frames. To use a phrase popularized by Victor Niederhoffer, the market embodies “ever-changing cycles”. The combination of predictors that worked in the bull market of 2000 may be disastrous a year later. The data-miner, therefore, engages in continuous research: modeling and remodeling the markets to capture the changing cycles. Tools for data mining can be found at www.kdnuggets.com.

There are hybrid strategies of research, in which an array of prefabricated mechanical systems are defined and then applied, data-mining style, to individual stocks to see which ones have predictive value at present. This is the approach of “scanning” software, such as Nirvana Systems’ OmniTrader. By scanning a universe of stocks and indices across an array of systems, it is possible to determine which systems are working best for particular trading vehicles.

As most traders are aware, the risk of research-based strategies is that of overfitting. If you define enough parameters and time periods, eventually you’ll find a combination that predicts the past very well—by complete chance. It is not at all unusual to find an optimized research strategy that performs poorly going forward. Reputable researchers develop and test their systems on independent data sets, so as to demonstrate the reliability of their findings.

Can quantitative, research-based strategies capture market expertise? I believe the answer is an unequivocal “Yes!” A perusal of the most successful hedge funds reveals a predominance of “quant shops”. Several research-based stock selection strategies, such as Jon Markman’s seasonal patterns (www.moneycentral.com) and the Value Line system (www.valueline.com), exhibit long-term track records that defy mere chance occurrence.

And yet it is also true that many successful traders neither rely upon mechanical systems nor data-mining. Indeed, one of Jack Schwager’s most interesting findings in his Market Wizards interviews was that the expert traders employed a wide range of strategies. Some were highly quantitative; others relied solely upon discretionary judgment. Several of the most legendary market participants—Warren Buffet and Peter Lynch, for example—employed research in their work, but ultimately based their decisions upon their personal synthesis of this research. Quantitative strategies can capture market expertise, but it would appear that all market expertise cannot be reduced to numbers.

Developing Expertise Through Pattern Recognition

The second major answer to the question of trading expertise is that of pattern recognition. The markets display patterns that repeat over time, across various time-scales. Traders gain expertise by acquiring information about these patterns and then learning to recognize the patterns for themselves. An analogy would be a medical student learning to diagnose a disease, such as pneumonia. Each disease is defined by a discrete set of signs and symptoms. By running appropriate tests and making proper observations of the patient, the medical student can gather the information needed to recognize pneumonia. Becoming an expert doctor requires seeing many patients and gaining practice in putting the pieces of information together rapidly and accurately.

The clearest example of gaining trading expertise through pattern recognition is the large literature on technical analysis. Most technical analysis books are like the books carried by medical students. They attempt to group market “signs” and “symptoms” into identifiable patterns that help the trader “diagnose” the market. Some of the patterns may be chart patterns; others may be based upon the identification of cycles, configurations of oscillators, etc. Like the doctor, the technical analyst cultivates expertise by seeing many markets and learning to identify the patterns in real time.

Note how the pattern recognition and research answers to the question of expertise lead to very different approaches to the training of traders. In the research perspective, traders learn to improve their trading by conducting better research. This means learning to use more sophisticated tools, gather more data, uncover better predictors, etc. From a pattern recognition vantage point, however, trading success will not come from performing more research. Rather, direct instruction from experts and massed practice leads to the development of competence (again like medical school, where the dictum is “See one, do one, teach one”).

Another way of stating this is that the research viewpoint treats trading as a science. We gain knowledge by uncovering new observations and patterns. The pattern recognition perspective treats trading as a performance activity. We gain proficiency through mentoring and constant practice. This is the way of the athlete, the musician, and the craftsperson.

Can expertise be acquired by learning patterns from others and then gaining experience identifying them on one’s own? It would seem so: this is traditionally how chess champions and Olympic athletes develop. There are also examples of such expertise development in trading: Linda Raschke’s chatroom (www.mrci.com/lbr) is an excellent example of a learning device that takes the pattern recognition approach. Users of the site can “listen in” as Linda—a Market Wizard trader herself—identifies market patterns in real time. My conversations with traders who have enrolled in this service leave me with little doubt that they have acquired profitable skills, eventually moving on to becoming successful independent traders. Richard Dennis’ experiment with the “Turtles” is perhaps the most famous example of how expertise (in this case, a pattern-based trading system) can be successfully modeled for people with little market background.

And yet there are nagging doubts about the actual value of the patterns typically described in market books and tapes. A comprehensive investigation of technical analysis strategies by Bauer and Dahlquist found very little evidence for their effectiveness. An attempt to quantify technical analysis patterns by Andrew Lo at MIT found that they did, indeed, contain information about future market moves, but hardly as much as isportrayed in the popular literature. Because pattern recognition entails a healthy measure of judgment, it is very difficult to demonstrate its efficacy outside of the expert’s hands. In other words, the expert trader may be utilizing more information in trading than he or she can verbalize. This is certainly the case for chess experts and athletes. While they can describe what they are doing, it is clear that their proficiency extends well beyond the application of a limited set of rules or patterns.

This phenomenon has been the subject of extensive study in psychotherapy research. It turns out that there really is a difference in results between expert therapists and novices. But it also turns out that there is a difference between what expert therapists say they do and what they actually do in their sessions. This was noted as far back as the days of Freud. While he advocated a set of strict therapeutic procedures to be followed, Freud’s own published cases deviated from these significantly. What appears to work in therapy is not what the therapists focus on—their behavioral techniques, psychoanalytic methods, etc.—but the ways in which these are employed. Using techniques in a sensitive way that gains the client’s trust and fits with the client’s understandings is more important than the procedures specific to those techniques.

So it may be with trading. Expert traders describe their work in terms of price-volatility patterns, momentum divergences, or a nesting of cycles, but it might be the ways in which these patterns are employed thatmakes for the expertise. Great traders may be able to identify patterns in their work, but it is not clear that their greatness lies in these patterns.

Implicit Learning: A New Perspective

The term implicit learning began with the research of Brooklyn College’s Arthur Reber in the mid 1960s. Since that time, it has been an active area of investigation, producing numerous journal articles and books.

Implicit learning can be contrasted with the research and pattern recognition perspectives described above, in that the latter are examples of explicit learning. By conducting research or by receiving instruction inmarket patterns, we are learning in a conscious, intentional fashion. The implicit learning research suggests that much of the expertise we acquire is the result of processes that are neither conscious norintentional.

A simple example drawn from Reber’s work will illustrate the idea. Suppose I invent an artificial “grammar”. In this grammar, there are rules that determine which letters can follow given letters and which cannot. If Iuse a very simple grammar such as MQTXG, then every time I show a subject the letter M, it should be followed by a Q; every time I flash a T, it should be followed by an X, etc.

The key in the research is that subjects are not told the rules behind the grammar in advance. They are simply shown a letter string (QT, for example) and asked whether it is “grammatical” or not. If they get theanswer wrong, they are given the correct answer and then shown another string. This continues for many trials, generally in the thousands.

Interestingly, the subjects eventually become quite proficient at distinguishing the grammatical strings from the ungrammatical ones. If they are shown a TX, they know this is right, but that TG is not. Nevertheless,if you ask the subjects to describe how they know the string is grammatical or not, they cannot verbalize any set of cogent rules. Indeed, many subjects insist that the letter arrangements are random—even asthey sort out the grammatical ones from the ungrammatical ones with great skill.

Reber referred to this as implicit learning, because it appeared that the subjects had truly learned something about the patterns presented to them, but that this learning was not conscious and self-directed. Reberand subsequent researchers in the field, such as Axel Cleeremans in Brussels, suggest that many performance skills, such as riding a bicycle and learning a language, are acquired in just this way. In such cases,we learn complex competencies, but cannot fully verbalize what we know or reduce our knowledge to a set of patterns or principles.

Such implicit learning has been demonstrated in the laboratory across a variety of tasks. Cleeremans and McClelland, for example, flashed lights on a computer screen for subjects, with the lights appearing at sixdifferent places on the screen. The subjects had to press a keyboard button corresponding to the location of the light on the screen. There were complex rules determining where the light would flash, but theserules were not known by the subjects. After thousands of trials, the subjects became very good at anticipating the location of the light, as demonstrated by reduced response times. Significantly, when the lightswere flashed on the screen in a random pattern, no such reduction in response time was observed. This was a meaningful finding, since the patterns picked up by the subjects were not only outside their onsciousawareness—they were also mathematically complex and beyond the subjectsomputational abilities! (Like the markets, the patterns were actually “noisy”—a mixture of patterns and random events.)

It appears that much repetition is needed before implicit learning can occur. The thousands of trials in the Cleeremans and McClelland study are not unusual for this research. Moreover, it appears that the state ofthe subjects’ attention is crucial to the results. In a research review, Cleeremans, Destrebeckqz, and Boyer report that, when subjects perform the learning tasks with divided attention, the implicit learning suffersgreatly. (Interestingly, conscious efforts to abstract the rules from the stream of trials also interfere with learning). This has led Cleeremans to speculate that implicit learning is akin to the learning demonstrated byneural networks, in which complex patterns can be abstracted from material through the presentation of numerous examples.

The implicit learning research suggests a provocative hypothesis: Perhaps expertise in trading is akin to expertise in psychotherapy. While therapists say their work is grounded in research and makes use oftheory-based techniques, the actual factors that account for positive results are implicit, and acquired over the course of years of working with patients. Similarly, traders may attribute their results to the research orpatterns they are trading. In reality, however, the research and patterns serve as rationales that legitimize the absorption of markets over a period of years. It is the implicit learning of markets across thousands of“trials” that makes for expertise, not necessarily the conscious strategies that traders profess.

Implications for Developing Expertise in the Markets

Such an implicit learning perspective helps to make sense of Schwager’s findings. There are many ways of becoming immersed in the markets: through research, observation of charts, tape reading, etc. Thespecific activity is less important than the immersion. We become experts in trading in the same way that subjects learned Reber’s artificial grammars. We see enough examples under sufficient conditions of attention and concentration that we become able to intuit the underlying patterns. In an important sense, we learn to feel our market knowledge before we become able to verbalize it. While simply “going with yourfeelings” is generally a recipe for trading disaster, I believe it is also the case that our emotions and “gut” feelings can be important sources of market information.

The reason for this is tied up in the neurobiology of the brain. In his excellent text The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind, New York University’s Elkhonon Goldberg summarizes evidence thatsuggests a division of labor for the hemispheres of our brains. Our right, nonverbal hemispheres become activated when we encounter novel stimuli and information. Our left, verbal hemispheres are more active inprocessing routine knowledge and situations. When we first encounter new situations, as in the markets, we tend to process the information non-verbally—which means implicitly. Only when we have made thesepatterns highly familiar will there be a transfer to left hemisphere processing and an ability to capture, in words, some of the complexity of one’s understandings. As we know from studies of regional cerebral bloodflow, the right hemisphere is also activated under emotional conditions. It is not surprising that our awareness of novel patterns, whether in artificial grammars or in markets, would appear as felt tendencies rather
than as verbalized rules.

o finally we get to the traditional domain of the trading psychologist! How do we know when our feelings convey real information for trading and when they merely provide interference from our conflicts oversuccess/failure, risk/safety, etc.? Developing trading expertise is not so simple as following such slogans as “tune out your emotions when you are trading”. Much of what you might know about the markets maytake the form of implicit knowledge that is encoded nonverbally and experienced viscerally.

This is an area that I am currently researching, and I welcome readers to stay in touch with me about the results. I will make sure updated information is posted in a timely way to my personal page atwww.greatspeculations.com. I also hope to have my own book out on the topic early in 2003; my page will also keep readers abreast of that development. But in the remainder of this article, allow me to engage in afew speculations of my own regarding the implications of implicit learning for trading success.

  1. Many are called, few are chosen – I believe the implicit learning perspective helps to explain why so few traders ultimately succeed at their craft. Quite simply, they cannot outlast their learning curves. If,indeed, it takes thousands of trials to generate successful implicit learning, a great number of traders would have been bankrupted by then. Many others might not survive that number of trials simply due to the timeand energy required. It is impossible to hold a full-time job and generate the degree of immersion in the markets needed for implicit learning. On the other hand, it is impossible to obtain a full-time income fromtrading without developing the mastery conferred by years of experience. Part-time traders never develop expertise for the same reason that part-time chess players or athletes are unlikely to succeed. For purelypractical reasons associated with raising a family, making a living, etc., few people can undergo the “starving artist” phase of skill-building.

  2. Emotions interfere with trading – This is a near-universal observation among full-time traders and captures an important understanding. Fear, greed, overconfidence, self-blame—all of these can undercut eventhe most mechanical trading. Indeed, when Linda Raschke and I surveyed 64 traders for their personality and coping patterns, the factor of neuroticism—the tendency to experience negative emotions—emerged asa major factor associated with trading difficulties. This makes sense from an implicit learning perspective. To the degree that a trader is focused on his or her fears, self-esteem, fantasies, etc., attention is drawnaway from the learning process. The problem may not be emotionalism per se; there are many highly emotional, but successful traders. Rather, the issue may be the degree to which emotions interfere with one’scognitive processing by competing for attention. Focusing on negative emotions may be a much larger problem than actually experiencing them. Many outstanding traders “explode” when they make a rookie error.For them, however, the storm blows over quickly; less successful traders appear to be less able to let the issue go. As a result, they become caught in a cycle of blame, increasing self-consciousness, and furtherblame. As a psychologist, my leaning is to help traders experience their frustration and get over it quickly, rather than “overcome” it altogether. (In my chatroom session with Linda Raschke, I will be addressing how
    to accomplish this).

  3. The advantages of learning trading vs. investing – If the internalization of complex patterns requires many thousands of observations across different market conditions, the challenge for the trader is makingthis process as efficient as possible. My sense is that there may be an advantage to learning trading, as opposed to investing, simply because short-term traders are apt to observe many patterns in the course of asingle day or week. The investor, conversely, may note a pattern every few months or years, greatly extending the amount of time needed for implicit learning. This dynamic would help to explain why many of themost successful traders I have met have had experience working on the exchange floors. In the fast-paced environment of the floors, a trade may last seconds to minutes, with many trades placed per day. Complexresearch strategies and chart analyses fly out the window when time frames are compressed to that degree. Instead, traders become so immersed in the markets that they acquire the (implicit) ability to read
    moment-to-moment patterns of momentum and price change. This creates an ideal implicit learning environment; having so many patterns to read per day makes the development of expertise much more efficient.Ironically, it also might help account for difficulties floor traders often experience when they attempt to trade off the floor. Without the contextual cues that help them process those price and momentum shifts, floortraders lose their edge—even though they may think they are employing their same, successful trading methods.

  4. Developing technologies for training traders – If we look at how experts are trained in other fields, we notice a common factor: an intensive period of apprenticeship in which the student works under a masterand obtains continuous instruction and practice. Consider, for example, the cultivation of expertise in the martial arts. Many years will be spent in the dojo studying under a sensei before the black belt is conferred.Instruction alternates with practice; rehearsal of techniques alternates with the application of techniques in real-life (tournament) conditions. The online medium has created a variety of promising strategies fortraining traders, such as Linda’s chatroom, real-time market commentary via weblog, and services that allow simulated online trading. My sense is that we will see an accelerated shift from services that emphasizetrading techniques to comprehensive trading “dojos” that incorporate real-time instruction, practice, and coaching. Already we are seeing expert instruction modules built into conventional software programs such as
    Metastock. This move toward implicit learning environments strikes me as a most promising application for peer-to-peer networks, as traders share research resources and trading experiences and learn from eachother. (See www.limewire.org for more information on Gnutella and P2P networking).

  5. Developing technologies for facilitating learning – This is my primary research interest in trading psychology. A broad array of research suggests that learning is mediated through the brain’s prefrontalcortex, which also controls attention, concentration, planning, and other executive functions. We also know that children with learning disabilities are significantly more likely than others to possess neurologicaldeficits associated with the frontal lobes, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Elkhonon Goldberg cites considerable research that indicates we can improve the functioning of our frontal cortexthrough structured exercises, much as we can build our muscles in the gym. Such exercises have been used, for example, in delaying the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Is it possible, however, todevelop super-states of concentration and learning in a mental gym the way that bodybuilders can hone their physiques in a weight room? I believe we can. I am currently working with Dr. Jeffrey Carmen onbiofeedback strategies that directly measure regional cerebral blood flow to the prefrontal cortex. Utilizing infrared sensors to detect heat changes in the forehead (reflecting increased frontal blood flow), it ispossible for traders to know exactly how much of their mental processing power is available to them at all times. Moreover, it is possible for them to learn strategies for increasing their frontal activation andmaximizing their optimal learning states. This would allow traders to process each trading day (or lesson) as thoroughly as possible, creating more efficient learning.

  6. My research to date suggests that the state of mind induced by the biofeedback exercises is not unlike the state that people enter during hypnotic induction or meditation. It is a state of relaxed and focusedconcentration. Such a mind frame minimizes the impact of emotional interference at the same time that it quiets the verbal, internal dialogue that permeates much of our cognitive lives. Following Goldberg’shypothesis, I believe that the capacity to enter such states of consciousness may allow us to efficiently process novel information by facilitating right hemispheric activation, even as it dampens emotional arousaland the interference of critical, verbal thinking. This very much fits with psychologist Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi’s observations of “flow” states among highly creative and successful individuals. The learning ofexpertise may depend as much upon the mind state of the learner as the quality of the instructional materials.

Conclusion

I began this article with a straightforward question: How does one gain expertise as a trader? We have seen that expertise is often described as the outcome of an explicit research process or as an explicitacquisition of knowledge about recurrent patterns. Much skill-based learning, however, is acquired implicitly, as the result of processing thousands of examples. Small children learn language, for example, longbefore they can verbalize rules of grammar and syntax; we learn complex motor skills, such as hitting a baseball, without ever being able to capture our expertise in a way that could be duplicated by another person.

While immersion in research and in pattern recognition can indeed produce trading expertise—a finding made clear by Schwager—the key ingredient in trading development may be the immersion, not the researchor the patterns per se. If this is true, efforts to find the best trading system or the most promising chart pattern are off the mark. The what of learning trading may be less important than the how. If you want to become a proficient trader, the most promising strategy is to immerse yourself in the markets under the tutelage of a master trader. You need to process example after example under real trading conditions, withfull concentration, to develop your own “neural network”.

I believe the most exciting frontier for trading psychology is the development of tools and techniques for maximizing implicit learning processes. Such techniques would assist in the acquisition and utilization ofexpertise by training individuals to sustain states of consciousness in which they are open to implicit processing. As I hope to demonstrate more thoroughly in my forthcoming book, there are reasons forbelieving that experienced traders possess greater expertise than they are aware of. This tacit knowledge, to use Michael Polanyi’s memorable term, reveals itself during “hot streaks” in trading and thosewonderful experiences where we just “know” what the market is doing and place winning trades accordingly. Too many traders look to emulate others. The secret to success, conversely, might well be to gaingreater access to the expertise we have already acquired implicitly and learn to become the traders we already are when we’re at our best.

Well, if you’ve followed me thus far through a lengthy article you no doubt have much of capacity for attention and concentration needed to become a master trader! In the coming months, I hope to elaborate manyof the ideas and techniques alluded to in this article, and I encourage you to stay in touch regarding new directions and developments.

With that, I will part with a last research finding from Reber. Remember those artificial grammars that people had to learn, such as MQTXG? Letters were displayed to subjects that either followed the grammar (i.e.,Q could only follow M; T could only follow Q, etc.) or that did not. The subjects did not know the rules of the grammar, but over many trials could figure out which combinations of letters were right and which werewrong. Suppose, however, that the grammar is changed in the middle of the experiment, so that the new constructions follow the rules of NRSYF instead of MQTXG. Will subjects continue to display implicit learning?

The answer is enlightening. After many trials with the initial grammar, without knowing the rules, subjects will choose “MQ”, “TX”, and “QT as grammatical constructions while rejecting “QM”, “XT”, and “TQ”. Oncethe grammar is switched, the subjects’ learning goes out the window and their guesses retreat to chance levels. But with enough new trials, subjects pick up the new grammar and are able to recognize “NR”, “SY”,and “RS” as grammatical and reject “RN”, “YS”, and “SR”. In other words, people not only learn complex patterns implicitly; they continue their implicit learning when the patterns shift. This has major implicationsfor the development of market expertise. The markets are always changing, but as long as we stay in our optimal learning modes, we can adapt with them.

About the author

Brett N. Steenbarger

Brett N. Steenbarger, Ph.D. is Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at SUNY Upstate Medical University. Dr. Steenbarger is an active trader and author of The Psychology of Trading (Wiley, 2002). He writes feature columns for the MSN Money website (www.moneycentral.com) and several trading publications, including Stocks Futures and Options Magazine (www.sfomag.com). These articles and a daily trading weblog are linked at www.Greatspeculations.com.